| Author | Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| Kim, Man-il| |
|---|---|
| Published Date | 2003-08 |
| Publication Title | 環境制御 |
| Volume | volume25 |
| Content Type | Departmental Bulletin Paper |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11431 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 011_051_055.pdf |
| Author | Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| Akudago John Apambilla| Shinshi Yoshihide| Kawakami Kenji| Kumamaru Koji| |
| Abstract | A laboratory validation of a proposed new method of determining the in-situ effective porosity of unsaturated soils was carried out on unsaturated river sand. The proposed method consists of boring a small diameter hole into the soil and inserting an Amplitude Domain Reflectometry (ADR) probe at the bottom part of the hole. Water is supplied into the hole till saturation and later de-saturated. The water content with time is determined from the ADR probe voltage potential readings. The effective porosity is determined from the difference between the saturated and de-saturated water contents. However, in the laboratory, the water is supplied through the top and bottom parts of the sample. From the experiments the obtained effective porosity ranged from 0.28 to 0.29 for wetting from the top with an average of 0.287 and 0.29 to 0.30 for wetting from the bottom with an average of 0.293. The determined effective porosity ranged from 71.7-73.3% of the real initial porosity of 0.40 of the river sand. The maximum attained degree of saturation during the experiment was 91%. The results indicated that the method will be suitable and useful in determining the effective porosity of medium grained unsaturated soils. |
| Keywords | Underground dam Effective porosity Storage capacity Freshwater development |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2006-03-15 |
| Volume | volume11 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 51 |
| End Page | 55 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313335 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11433 |
|---|---|
| Title Alternative | Measuring Method of Water Content for High compacted Bentonite Block by using Frequency Domain Reflectometry |
| FullText URL | 011_057_064.pdf |
| Author | Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| Chijimatsu, Masakazu| |
| Abstract | In the high-level radioactive waste disposal project, in order to know the infiltration behavior, it have to be examined that the bentonite buffer material is used as a barrier, and the measuring device of moisture with the high accuracy is required. In this study it is discussed the usefulness for Frequency Domain Refrectometry (FDR) method through the measuring dielectric constant and making the calibration curve for the several kinds of bentonite material block (pure and silica sand mixing). |
| Keywords | Measuring syatem Bentonite Volumetric mousture content Frequency domain reflectometry |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2006-03-15 |
| Volume | volume11 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 57 |
| End Page | 64 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | Japanese |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313913 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/ESR/47747 |
|---|---|
| Title Alternative | Newly proposed landform division in the Kibi Plateau area: Application for a hazard map of landslides |
| FullText URL | esr_018_1_005_010.pdf |
| Author | Suzuki, Shigeyuki| Omizo, Yuna| Hirata, Minoru| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | The Kibi Plateau is characterized by horizontal skylines and they are considered to be an uplifted peneplain. Landform of the plateaus in central part of Okayama Prefecture is divided into "Kibi plateau landform" and "Recent dissecting landform". The Kibi plateau landform is composed of low relief surface and relict mountain. The altitude of the low relief surface varies from 300 to 450m in Kayo area, and 200 to 350m in Kanayama area. The Recent dissecting landform is characterized by escarpment and cuts the Kibi plateau landform. Knick-point is formed at the boundary between two landforms and steep slope is distributed just below the knick-point. The steep slope of the recent dissecting landform is unstable and a potential of landslide is high. |
| Keywords | Kibi Plateau landslide knick-point Okayama Prefecture |
| Publication Title | Okayama University Earth Science Report |
| Published Date | 2011-12-26 |
| Volume | volume18 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 5 |
| End Page | 10 |
| ISSN | 1340-7414 |
| language | Japanese |
| Copyright Holders | © 2011 by Okayama University Earth Science Reports Editorial Committee All Rights Reserved |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120003796475 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11598 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 002_025_032.pdf |
| Author | Nishigaki, Makoto| Schreck Martin| |
| Abstract | Engineers have long sought the possibility of measuring parameters such as temperature and pressure continuously in the underground with high precision, high spatial resolution and high band width of parameters. Distributed fibre optic measurement offers the use of a very fast, robust, precise, light and small gauges with an high spatial resolution. In this paper we would like to compile fibre-optic measure-methods which are available now for projects in geohydraulical engineering. This paper will propose new problems for future research work on parameter identification for such parameters as conductivity and anisotropy. |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 1997-01-10 |
| Volume | volume2 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 25 |
| End Page | 32 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313718 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11464 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 009_087_098.pdf |
| Author | Kankam-Yeboah Kwabena| Gyau-Boakye Philip| Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Three principal river basins are found in Ghana and the Volta River Basin is the major one, covering about three -quarters of Ghana. The basin is shared with Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Togo and Benin. Water from the Volta River Basin is used for drinking water supply, generating hydro-electric power, irrigation, inland fisheries and lake transport. The sustainable management of the Volta River Basin is thus of great importance. Land use activities in the basin are thus closely monitored not only in Ghana, but also in the other riparian countries as well. This paper presents information and data on the water resources and environmental management of the Volta River Basin in Ghana. |
| Keywords | water resources environmental management Volta River Basin Ghana water utilization |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2004-02-27 |
| Volume | volume9 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 87 |
| End Page | 98 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313917 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11466 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 009_099_110.pdf |
| Author | Dewan A.M.| Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh and home for more than 10 million people, has been affected by seasonal flooding almost in every year, however, the situation aggravates depending on rainfall and surrounding river waters. The aim of this paper is to delineate the flood extent in Dhaka city using digital elevation model (DEM), an integral part of geographic information system. Catastrophic floods of the 1988 and 1998 events are taken into consideration. Hydro-meteorological assessment of these events revealed that the 1988 flood was severe due to the lack of flood protection in the city together with transboundary flow of the major rivers while the 1998 flood was become deluge due to incessant monsoonal downpour along with early peaked of the river water levels. The 1998 event has done colossal damage in the city compare to the 1988 event. Flood extent estimation showed that DEM data is very precious to model inundation in the city, however, in order to be spatially explicit flood model, high resolution DEM is necessary. Finally, flood management issues are reviewed and found that combination of structural and nonstructural measures are necessary to help reducing flood induced losses and damage in the city. |
| Keywords | Dhaka City Floods Digital Elevation Model 1998 and 1988 Floods |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2004-02-27 |
| Volume | volume9 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 99 |
| End Page | 110 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313678 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11600 |
|---|---|
| Title Alternative | Research on Prevention of Groundwater Flow Blockage by the Detour Permeation Method |
| FullText URL | 002_033_050.pdf |
| Author | Satoh, Tsuneo| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | With the increase of underground construction in metropolitan areas in recent years, the problem of associated earth retaining works cutting off the natural flow of groundwater has increased in both scale and extent. The authors are proposing a new diaphragm wall method that does not inhibit the flow of groundwater. This paper describes the verification of the detour permeation achieved by the new diaphragm wall method and the experimental results related to the blockage of this groundwater flow. |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 1997-01-10 |
| Volume | volume2 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 33 |
| End Page | 50 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | Japanese |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313670 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11496 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 010_057_065.pdf |
| Author | Dewan Ashraf M.| Alam Md. Mahabubul| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | This paper is an attempt to develop a series of maps that precisely depict flood prone areas in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh using remote sensing techniques. Multi-temporal RADARSAT SAR data were acquired and employed to delineate open water flood boundary during the floods of 1998 and 2000. Using a threshold algorithm, SAR data is segregated into water and non-water areas. The empirical threshold value was obtained by using visual interpretation technique, local knowledge of the study site and by deriving corresponding pixel values to land/water from each image. The result demonstrated that 53 percent of the study area was heavily inundated in 1998 flood which is the largest submerged area during a catastrophic scenario. In contrast, 35.32 percent area was flooded during the year 2000 which represents the area under water for a normal event. Using the reference data acquired from field visit, derived flood maps were further validated. Moderate accuracy is obtained for all flood maps, however, July 1998 image attained the highest overall accuracy (86%) in the dataset. The derived flood maps are expected to be useful to mitigate losses of lives and property from river water flooding in Greater Dhaka. Furthermore, this information would be worthwhile to develop an efficient flood disaster management system. |
| Keywords | SAR open water flood 1998 and 2000 floods Greater Dhaka RADARSAT |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2005-02-28 |
| Volume | volume10 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 57 |
| End Page | 65 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313953 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11499 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 010_067_074.pdf |
| Author | Dewan Ashraf M.| Alam Md. Mahabubul| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | The objective of this paper is to delineate flood prone areas and estimate damage in Greater Dhaka during the 1998 catastrophic flood using an integrated approach of GIS and remote sensing. Time series RADARSAT SAR data is acquired and used to demarcate flood boundaries for the 1998 flood event. This was accomplished by thresholding linear SAR imageries. Flood estimation demonstrated that flood areas steadily increased from early July 1998 and peaked on 25 August 1998 inundating 53% lands due to heavy monsoonal downpour and discharge from upstream points. Different thematic layers were combined with a derived flood map in order to assess flood damage for the same event. Flood damage analysis revealed that substantial damage has occurred in Greater Dhaka during the 1998 flood. |
| Keywords | Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) flood delineation 1998 flood flood damage Greater Dhaka |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2005-02-28 |
| Volume | volume10 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 67 |
| End Page | 74 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313624 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11500 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 008_039_052.pdf |
| Author | Kankam-Yeboah Kwabena| Dapaah-Siakwan Stephen| Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Increasing human population, changing lifestyles and environmental considerations have resulted in increased utilization of groundwater resources worldwide. Thus, in turn, has led to the decline of groundwater levels in some countries and Ghana is no exception to this problem. To augment the availability of groundwater resources for various uses, numerous techniques have been developed in many part of the world, one of which is the construction of underground dams. The successful construction and utilization of underground dams, however, depends very much on the physical and hydrogeological conditions at the dam sites. Ghana is underlain by Precambrian crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks ; and Paleozoic consolidated sedimentary formations. There are further subdivided and described locally as the Birimian, Dahomeyan, Buem, Togo Series, Tarkwaian, Granites, Voltain, Coastal Block Fault, Coastal Plain and Quaternary Alluvium. The review of these and the pre-requisite conditions necessary for the construction of underground dams indicate that underground dams could be constructed and utilized in some parts of Ghana, especially where the overburden is shallow, in the Dahomeyan granites and in the recent formations consisting of alluvial and coastal sands and gravels. This paper is part of a continuing research programme being carried out by the authors. |
| Keywords | hydrogeology geology underground dam sand-storage dam sub-surface dam water supply |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2003-03 |
| Volume | volume8 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 39 |
| End Page | 52 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313713 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11501 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 010_075_081.pdf |
| Author | Kankam-Yeboah Kwabena| Asare Enoch B.| Gyau-Boakye, Philip| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | The rapid impact assessment (RIAM), which was developed in Denmark, is a new tool for the execution of environmental impact assessments. RIAM is quite flexible, transparent and leaves a permanent record, which can be independently checked, validated or updated. RIAM has successfully been used to prioritize water resources management problems in Ghana in the order of which problems call for the most urgent attention. The priority list was easily validated and accepted to be the true reflection of the situation at a national workshop in which experts and representatives from water agencies, donor agencies, university faculties and departments, research institutes, private institutions and organizations including Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) participated. The study has shown that RIAM, which can also be used in a developing country like Ghana, is a very useful tool in such prioritization process as has been applied in this exercise. |
| Keywords | Water resources management problems prioritization impact indicators RIAM river basins Ghana |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2005-02-28 |
| Volume | volume10 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 75 |
| End Page | 81 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313917 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11502 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 010_083_088.pdf |
| Author | Kankam-Yeboah Kwabena| Darko Philip K.| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | Groundwater has been recognised as the most cost-effective option of safe water supply to rural communities in Ghana. The demand for potable water has led to the drilling of a large number of boreholes in many parts of the country. To establish the threshold of groundwater development from storage in a major river catchment (Pra River) in South-West Ghana, studies on recharge to the weathered aquifer and statistical evaluations of specific capacity and potential yield have been carried out. The SACSMA conceptual hydrological modelling system was used for the recharge estimate. With recharge rate of 50 mm/yr, the natural groundwater resources in the basin was estimated to support a maximum withdrawal of 12 l/s for a 10 hour per day pumping. The groundwater resources potential of 1.6 l/sｋ㎡ could be considered the threshold of groundwater exploitation in similar river basins in South-West Ghana. A study into the relation between permeability and recharge under different conditions and scenarios is required to define their limiting role in groundwater resources development. |
| Keywords | Groundwater storage recharge aquifer specific capacity base flow hydrologic budget |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2005-02-28 |
| Volume | volume10 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 83 |
| End Page | 88 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313829 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11503 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 008_053_062.pdf |
| Author | A.M., Dewan| Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Flood becomes regular feature in riverrine Bangladesh. Every year, around 21 percent of land is flooded during monsoon season, however, in severe situation this figure shot up to more than 60 percent of total land. This paper is an attempt to analyze hydrological characteristics of two catastrophic events (1988 and 1998 flood) in the light of flood history in Bangladesh. The analysis demonstrates that the 1998 flood was more severe than the 1988 one. Moreover, the 1998 flood was also prolonged than the 1988 flood due to heavy rainfall inside and outside of the country. Finally, flood management issues in Bangladesh have been analyzed and found that structural solution to mitigate flood is not the only solution. Based on the analysis some possible mitigation options are put foward. |
| Keywords | Flood Flood Management Danger level Peak floods Deforestation |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2003-03 |
| Volume | volume8 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 53 |
| End Page | 62 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313768 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11531 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 006_047_052.pdf |
| Author | Komatsu, Mitsuru| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Abstract | For evaluating subsurface contamination, sampling method (boring) is commonly used, but this method cannot monitor the change of in-situ contamination and concentration with respect to time. The purpose of this study is to develop a measuring system for subsurface contamination in which a so-called FDR-V system (Frequency Domain Reflectometry with Vector network analyzer) was employed to measure the salinity contaminant. This FDR-V method is a coaxial probe method,which allows the measurement of the complex dielectric constant from 1GHz to 18GHz. The experimental study indicates the possibility in measuring both the salinity concentration and volumetric moisture content. |
| Keywords | Dielectric constant Subsurface Salinity concentration Volumetric moisture content |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2001-02-28 |
| Volume | volume6 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 47 |
| End Page | 52 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313354 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/11577 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 005_107_112.pdf |
| Author | Tohari Adrin| Nishigaki, Makoto| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Failures of railway embankments in Japan usually occur during rainfall period due to the rise of water level in the embankments. Laboratory experiments were carried out to elucidate the initiation of failure of embankment under the rise of water level. The changes in pore-water pressure were monitored during the rise of water table and at the initiation of failures. The experiment results showed that main failure of embankment was initiated by development of localized unstable area at the toe of the embankment models during the rise of water level. This indicates that failure of embankments was a consequence of instability of the toe of the slope induced by saturation process under drained condition. |
| Keywords | embankment failure process seepage face toe failure overall instability |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2000-02-29 |
| Volume | volume5 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 107 |
| End Page | 112 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002313411 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/12814 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 13_001_005.pdf |
| Author | Chegbeleh Larry Pax| Nishigaki, Makoto| Akudago John Apambilla| Alim Md. Abdul| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | In an effort to secure the comfort of all aspect of life and security through electricity production, research, nuclear weapons production and medical uses, radioactive waste is being generated throughout the world as a result. Without pro – active management and protection, the hazardous nature of radioactive materials can pose serious threats to human health and the environment. A waste containment or disposal facility is required to isolate the waste from man and the biosphere to avoid any undue radiation exposure. Deep geological repository or disposal facility is considered as an effective way to isolate high level radioactive waste, HLW from the human environment, for which a multi – barrier system plays a very significant role. In this paper, literature collection was carried out, aimed to overview the present knowledge about the concepts of repository for HLW and to identify technologies that are currently available in the nuclear industry worldwide and the current state of barrier technologies for hazardous waste sites. |
| Keywords | repository bentonite radioactive waste swelling buffer and backfill materials |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2008-03 |
| Volume | volume13 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 1 |
| End Page | 5 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002304817 |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/12829 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 13_063_066.pdf |
| Author | Akudago Apambilla John| Nishigaki, Makoto| Chegbeleh Larry Pax| Alim Md. Abdul| Komatsu, Mitsuru| Kumamaru, Koji| |
| Abstract | Filters are essential in the design of embankments/dams, drains and wells for water and oil supplies. As a result of these functions, filter use is increasing. In order to use the required filter, various empirical relations have been given based on mathematical and field experience. However, these guidelines have not worked to perfection considering the fact that clogging within the filter face is a serious challenge. A short review on filter design criteria is given in this script coupled with a numerical formulation to propose the design limits. |
| Keywords | filter particle clogging filter classification numerical model equation force of attraction |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2008-03 |
| Volume | volume13 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 63 |
| End Page | 66 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002304909 |
| FullText URL | fulltext.pdf |
|---|---|
| Author | Fujita, Claudia| Akhtar, M. Shahbaz| Hidaka, Ray| Nishigaki, Makoto| |
| Keywords | Dissolved iron removal Chemical clogging Open-loop geothermal systems Retention potential Wooden charcoal |
| Published Date | 2022-02-07 |
| Publication Title | Applied Water Science |
| Volume | volume12 |
| Issue | issue3 |
| Publisher | SPRINGER HEIDELBERG |
| Start Page | 30 |
| ISSN | 2190-5487 |
| Content Type | Journal Article |
| language | English |
| OAI-PMH Set | 岡山大学 |
| Copyright Holders | © The Author(s) 2022 |
| File Version | publisher |
| DOI | 10.1007/s13201-022-01574-x |
| Web of Science KeyUT | 000752014000004 |
| Related Url | isVersionOf https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01574-x |
| JaLCDOI | 10.18926/fest/15043 |
|---|---|
| FullText URL | 014_013_016.pdf |
| Author | Alim Md. Abdul| Nishigaki, Makoto| Chegbeleh Larry Pax| Akudago John Apambilla| Komatsu, Mitsuru| |
| Abstract | Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important soil function in an unsaturated soil mechanics field for design and analyses of any unsaturated earth structures. Determination of SWCC is not easy and more so time consuming. Generally, ceramic disc with high air-entry value has been used in the pressure plate apparatus for this purpose by many people. Now-a-days membrane filter is being used as a suitable alternative to ceramic disc. However, experience shows, it has disadvantage of breakage after one time use especially with coarse grain soils (sandy soils). In this study, membrane filter with stainless wire mesh was used to solve this problem and the SWWC was compared with the results obtained without wire mesh. Results showed that membrane filter with stainless wire mesh can be used to determine the SWCC for coarse grain soils. |
| Keywords | SWCC Unsaturated sandy soils Membrane filter Stainless wire mesh |
| Publication Title | 岡山大学環境理工学部研究報告 |
| Published Date | 2009-03-16 |
| Volume | volume14 |
| Issue | issue1 |
| Start Page | 13 |
| End Page | 16 |
| ISSN | 1341-9099 |
| language | English |
| File Version | publisher |
| NAID | 120002307956 |
