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JaLCDOI 10.18926/15836
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_21_1_81.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi| Maeno Shiro|
Abstract Under the attack of storm waves, there are many destructions of coastal structures due to scouring, sinking and sliding. These types of destructions are considered to be in close relation to the dynamic behavior of sand bed around the structures. In this study the characteristics of pore water pressure and stresses in the sand bed around a breakwater under the attack of superposed waves are treated theoretically. The results show that during the crest or the trough being in front of the structure the strength of sand bed around the structure decreases notably and the unstable zone will occur.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1986-11-15
Volume volume21
Issue issue1
Start Page 81
End Page 91
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307224
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15835
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_21_1_71.pdf
Author Takeshita Yuji| Nishigaki Makoto| Kohno Iichiro|
Abstract It is difficult to determine the coefficients of groundwater flow from the data which were obtained from the drawdown test in a multiaquifer system. In this paper, new methods of analyzing drawdown-tests are developed and illustrated with the example to determine aquifer coefficients. In a double-layered aquifer, the analytical solution of drawdown test, in which water is discharged from both layers, is derived. And also the theoretical solution to determine the coefficient of storage by using an index of elasticity of a confined aquifer is derived. From these solutions, methods of determining the coefficient of transmissibility in a double-layered aquifer and the coefficinent of storage in a confined aquifer are got. The example analysis to determine aquifer coefficients is shown. As a result, the characteristics which were obtained by these methods are verified by the real drawdown test data.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1986-11-15
Volume volume21
Issue issue1
Start Page 71
End Page 79
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307954
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15822
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_20_2_35.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi| Maeno Shiro|
Abstract Under the attack of storm waves, there are many destructions of coastal structures in the forms of sinking and sliding. These types of destructions will be in close relation to the dynamic behavior of sand bed around the structures. From this point of view, in this paper, we investigate the characteristics of the pore water pressure and effective stresses in the highly saturated sand bed under oscillating water pressure theoretically. The results indicate that the oscillating water pressure induce the notable drop of strength of sand bed around the structure under certain condition.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1986-02-28
Volume volume20
Issue issue2
Start Page 35
End Page 45
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307664
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15819
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_17_1_61.pdf
Author Maeno Shiro| Nago Hiroshi|
Abstract In this paper the liquefaction of sand bed under oscillating water pressure are treated as a basic study of the prevention works against the scouring around the hydraulic structures. The results of the former resurch show that the occurrence of the liquefaction depends on both properties of the oscillating water pressure and of the sand layer. Considering the latter properties, that is, the resistivity against the liquefaction increases with the increase of the permeability of the sand bed, we propose the displcement method as one of the prevention works, which is a method to displace the upper layer of the sand bed by the sand with large permeability. The effects of this method are investigated theoretically and experimentally. By the experimental study, it is shown that the proposed displacement method has the apparent effect to prevent the liquefaction. The experimental results are explained fairly well by the theoretical analysis based on the theory of the flow through the elastic porous media.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1983-02-25
Volume volume17
Issue issue1
Start Page 61
End Page 71
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15813
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_16_2_89.pdf
Author Kohno Iichiro| Nishigaki Makoto|
Abstract In this paper are described on the finite element analysis of the nonsteady behavior of interface between salt- and freshwater in coastal groundwater. In order to investigate the validity and the accuracy of this numerical analysis solution, the results calculated by this finite element analysis have been compared with the laboratory model tests. The numerical results showed the very good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, some applications of this analytical method have been performed.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1982-03-29
Volume volume16
Issue issue2
Start Page 89
End Page 99
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307453
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15811
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_20_1_45.pdf
Author Korenaga Takashi| Moriwake Tosio| Takahashi Teruo|
Abstract A simple system was developed for the fully automatic and continuous measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater samples based on colorimetry of dichromate. A sample and a solution of sulfuric acid (1+1) containing 2mM potassium dichromate are continuously pumped with a double-reciprocating micro-pump at each flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The wastewater sample is filtered at first with a 100-mesh stainless filter and then mixed with the dichromate solution in the mixing joint. The mixture is introduced into a reaction coil made of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) tubing (1 mm i.d., 3 mm o.d., and 20 m length), being placed in an oil bath (120℃). After reaction, the mixture passes into a quartz tubular flow-through cell (10 mm path length, 18 μl volume) in a spectrophotometer, and the absorbance is measured at 445 nm. The COD value of the sample is automatically estimated from the amount of decreased absorbance. The system was successfully applied to COD measurement of some waters, and to continuous monitoring of COD in wastewater of university laboratories. The system was also evaluated by comparing with the flow injection analyzer system previously developed by the authors.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1985-11-08
Volume volume20
Issue issue1
Start Page 45
End Page 52
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307695
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15797
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_16_1_91.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi|
Abstract In this paper the vertical distribution of pore water pressure in the highly saturated sand layer under the oscillating water pressure are treated theoretically and experimentally. By the experiments it is shown that the water pressure acting on the sand surface propagates into the sand layer with the damping in amplitude and the lag in phase, and that the liquefaction, the state that the effective stress becomes zero, occurs under certain conditions. These experimental results are explained fairly well by the same theoretical treatment as for the ground water problems in the elastic aquifer. The main characteristics of liquefaction clarified by the analysis are as follows. 1) The depth of the liquified layer increases with the increase of the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillating water pressure. 2) The increase of the volume of the water and the air in the layer increases the liquified depth. Especially the very small amount of the air affects the liquefaction significantly. 3) The liquified depth decrease rapidly with the increase of the compressibility coefficient of the sand. 4) In the range beyond a certain value of the permeability coefficient the liquified depth decrease with the increase of the coefficient.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1982-03-01
Volume volume16
Issue issue1
Start Page 91
End Page 104
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307671
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15795
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_16_1_65.pdf
Author Kohno Iichiro| Nishigaki Makoto|
Abstract The purposes of this research is an investigation of the intrusion of sea water into coastal aquifers. For this subject, this paper deals with proposing rational methods of getting diffusion coefficient and dispersion parameter for flow in porous media in a laboratory. These parameters of soil are indispensable in order to apply an analytical approach or a numerical approach to actual salt water intrusion problems. Experimental apparatuses were constructed and test procedures were also developed to measure concentration behaviors in a saturated porous media by using electro conductivity probe. As the results, the diffusion coefficients for the Toyoura standard sand and the Asahi river sand determined by two methods, that is, "Boltzman's transformation method" and "Instantaneous profile analysis method". The longitudinal coefficient of dispersion for one-dimensional flow was also determined by the least squares curve fitting method with a function of a certain range of seepage velocity.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1982-03-01
Volume volume16
Issue issue1
Start Page 65
End Page 89
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307205
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15784
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_15_2_147.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi| Kawara Osami|
Abstract In this paper, characteristics of hydraulics and water quality in Kojima Bay are discussed based on field observations. The main results obtained are as follows. (1) The variation of flow rate in Kojima Bay has periods for 30 minutes to 2 hours. This characteristic is represented by a two-dimensional numerical simulation fairly well. (2) The local distributions of salinity and suspended solids show increase in the direction to the mouth of Kojima Bay. On the other hand, the distribution of COD(Mn) is nearly uniform in the whole area of the bay. Salinity appears to be influenced by river discharge sensitively but suspended solids does not. (3) The vertical distributions of salinity and suspended solids are similar. There are similar points between the cross-sectional average of water quality and surface water quality. (4) The surface water quality seems to be influenced by the variation of velocity.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1981-03-30
Volume volume15
Issue issue2
Start Page 147
End Page 164
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002308021
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15783
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_19_1_13.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi| Maeno Shiro|
Abstract In this paper the theoretical method to analyse the pore water pressures in the sand bed under the oscillating water pressure is developed. In the former researchs the validity of the theoretical treatment for the one-dimensional problem has been verified. However, the one-dimensional treatment is not sufficient to obtain the precise informations concerning the many practical problems. From this point of view, in this study, we derive the fundamental equations for the general three-dimensional sand layer under the oscillating water pressure. The validity of this theoretical method is verified by experiments for the twodimensional problems.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1984-11-26
Volume volume19
Issue issue1
Start Page 13
End Page 32
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307347
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15765
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_15_1_111.pdf
Author Korenaga Takashi| Ikatsu Hisayoshi| Moriwake Tosio| Takahashi Teruo|
Abstract On the flow injection analysis (FIA) of chemical oxygen demand (COD), silver salt was added as an oxidation catalyst for COD substances and a masking agent for halide to improve operating conditions of the FIA apparatus. Both of a proper concentration of potassium permanganate solution and 6.0 % sulfuric acid solution containing 0.1 % silver nitrate are individually pumped up with respective flow rates of 0.51 ml min(-l) and merged into a carrier stream. A 20 μ1 of sample solution is injected into the flow of sulfuric acid solution at just before the merging place. The sample mixed with the carrier solutions in a reaction manifol(polytetrafluoroethylene tubing: 0.5 mm i.d. x 30 m), is passed through a thermostated bath at 100 °c and led to a flow cell for the absorbance measurements at 525 nm. The absorbances are continuously recorded with time. The peaks in the recordings showed good reproducibility and the calibration obtained at a linear concentration range of 0 - 170 mg 1(-1) COD with glucose as standard. The detection limit and precision confirmed with this method were 5 mg 1(-1) and 0.8 %, respectively. Chloride ion up to 200 mg 1(-1) did not interfere without elimination of a silver chloride precipitate. By the present FIA method, several industrial waste water samples were analyzed at a sampling rate of about 40 samples per hour, and their apparent COD values were compared with those found by the manual JIS method. Both of the methods gave the similar results within an error range from -35 to +5 %.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1980-11-29
Volume volume15
Issue issue1
Start Page 111
End Page 121
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307490
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15752
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_14_2_119.pdf
Author Korenaga Takashi| Ikatsu Hisayoshi| Moriwake Toshio| Takahashi Teruo|
Abstract A new method based on the principle of flow injection analysis is presented for the semiautomated determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in environmental water samples. The method is rapid and continuous, and suitable for the monitoring of COD in wastewaters. The apparatus used was simply constructed by parts commercially available for high performance liquid chromatography. Teflon tubing heated with a boiling water was used as a reactor and simultaneously used for mixing coils and transmission lines. The operating conditions were examined to apply the determination of COD in wastewaters by using glucose as a standard COD substance. The procedures recommended are as follows: Both 4.9x10(-4) M potassium permanganate and 6.7 % sulfuric acid solutions are individually pumped, 20 μl of a sample solution is injected into the flow of the sulfuric acid solution, and then mixed with a mixing joint. The mixed solution is transported to a flow cell situated in a spectrophotometer fixed at a wavelength of 525 nm, and decrements of absorbance are recorded. The peaks were reproducibly obtained at a concentration range of 10 - 200 mg-COD 1(-1). Chloride up to 1000 mg 1(-1) was not interfered at all. Various wastewater samples were analyzed by the proposed method at a sampling rate of 30 samples per hour, and the apparent COD values obtained were compared with the manual COD ones obtained by JIS method.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1980-03-01
Volume volume14
Issue issue2
Start Page 119
End Page 129
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307775
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15749
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_14_2_73.pdf
Author Kono Iichiro| Nishigaki Makoto|
Abstract This paper deals with the experimental study of hydraulic properties of unsaturated soil. In treating unsaturated zone, a great deal more data are required than are required for the saturated zone, but these properties of soils must be known to apply the finite element approach to actual groundwater flow problems. The purposes of this paper are to propose a rational basis of getting experimental relationships between prossure head() and hydraulic conductivity(K) and between pressure head() and volumetric moisture content(θ) with "the instantaneous profile method" in a laboratory. An apparatus was constructed and test procedures were developed to measure pressure head and volumetric moisture content by using pressure transducers and low-energy gamma ray attenuation. The technique of a low-energy gamma radiation apparatus does provide a means for accurate measurement of water content without disturbing the system into which water is moving. Furthermore rapid measurement of water content becomes possible at any position in a soil so that water content changes with time may easily be followed. The tensiometer~transducer system provides a most valuable means of measuring pressure head with rapid response and with provision of a complete record of the pressure head changes with time.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1980-03-01
Volume volume14
Issue issue2
Start Page 73
End Page 110
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307379
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15746
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_14_1_127.pdf
Author Nago Hiroshi| Furukawa Syuzo|
Abstract In this paper the discharge coefficient of a sluice gate placed at the sudden expansion of an open channel is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Lateral and vertical expansions are treated in the study. The coefficients obtained for channels with sudden expansion are compared with those for the straight channel. For free efflux, experimental results show that the coeffcients for expanded channels are always larger than those for a straiaht one,and that the coefficient for a channel to be fully expanded to both lateral and vertical directions takes about 1.2 times larger value than that for a straight one. For submerged efflux, the coefficient is obtained theoretically by using the efflux model shown in this study. The theoretical results explain the experimental ones fairly well. The coefficient for lateral expansion is always smaller than that for a straight channel. The minimum downstream water depth required to submerged efflux for the expanded channels becomes smaller than that for a straight channel.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1979-12-01
Volume volume14
Issue issue1
Start Page 127
End Page 138
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307258
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15744
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_14_1_95.pdf
Author Nishigaki Makoto| Kono Iichiro|
Abstract In order to apply the numerical method to practical groundwater flow problem in the field, the hydraulic properties must be estimated. In this paper, new methods of analyzing drawdown tests were developed and illustrated with some examples to determine hydraulic properties of aquifer. Drawdown tests sometimes have to be performed near the boundary of the aquifer or in the much groundwater supplied aquifer. In such instances, the assumption that the aquifer is of infinite areal extent is no longer valid. Therefore the analytical solutions of unsteady flow due to drawdown test are derived in the conception of "Island Model" that the shape of groundwater level is fixed by the circular water supply which is equilibrium with the pumping rate. By using these solutions, new methods of analyzing drawdown tests which are performed in a confined aquifer and an unconfined aquifer were given respectively and the effect of influence region was evaluated. The example analysis to determine permeability and storage coefficient were shown. As the results,the propriety of the solutions is verified comparing the analytical results with the drawdown test data taken from a real aquifer project.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1979-12-01
Volume volume14
Issue issue1
Start Page 95
End Page 126
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307822
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15742
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_14_1_61.pdf
Author Kono Iichiro| Nishigaki Makoto|
Abstract The purposes of this paper are primarily to research on behavior of groundwater flow in saturated and unsaturated zone and to develop the most effective methods for solving groundwater flow problems related to civil engineering practice. The mathematical model provides a finite element solution to two- or threedimensional problems involving transient flow in the saturated and unsaturated domains of nonhomogeneous, anisotropic porous media. Before progressing into the various levels of applications the input data and boundary conditions are discussed and evaluated. To demonstrate the flexibility of the finite element approach and its capability in treating complex situations which are often encountered in the field, the groundwater flow through sand bank at flood water levels and the flow through aquifer due to an excavation were analyzed. As the results there were good qualitative agreements between the numerical results and the informations received.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1979-12-01
Volume volume14
Issue issue1
Start Page 61
End Page 94
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307580
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15712
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_13_119.pdf
Author Ohta, Mutsuo| Yamada, Masuo| Kanadani, Teruto| Sakakibara, Akira|
Abstract The effects of the fluctuation of solute concentration on the process of aging in Al-10wt % Zn alloy were studied by measurements of the intensity of small-angle X-ray scattering and by electron microscopy. Specimen was quenched from a higher temperature(T(Ql), mainly 300℃) to an intermediate temperature (T(Q2), 110~230℃), held there for a time, quenched again into iced water and aged isothermally at 0℃ or 40℃. Results obtained are as follows: (1) When the specimen was held at T(Q2) for a sufficient time and aged at relatively high temperatue(e.g. Ihr at 125℃ and aged at 40℃), a two-step increasing of both resistivity and integrated intensity was found. (2) Each of the steps has characteristics of the formation of G.P. zones by the spinodal decomposition. (3) When the maximum resistivity(p(max)) takes a minimum, Size distribution of the G.P. zones, estimated from the difference between Guinier and Porod radii, is much broader than that at p(max) in the usual direct quenching. (4) When the holding time at T(Q2) is long enough, the size distribution at p(max) is as broad as that at p(max) in the usual case. (5) After a prolonged aging under the condition that P(max) takes minimum, G.P. zones grow markedly and become oblate ellipsoidal with a major axis of about 20nm. (6) These results are consistently understood in terms of the fluctuation of solute concentration at T(Q2) and the change in the concentration of vacancies during annealing at T(Q2). That is, it is considered that these results are due to the difference in aging behavior between the regions of relatively high concentration and the ones of low concentration induced by the fluctuation.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1979-03-05
Volume volume13
Start Page 119
End Page 132
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307931
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15709
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_13_95.pdf
Author Ohta, Mutsuo| Kanadani, Teruto| Yamada, Masuo| Sakakibara, Akira|
Abstract Aging process in Al-Zn alloys was studied by the measurements of the electrical resistivity when the alloy was quenched from a high temperature, about 300℃ (the first quenching temperature), to an intermediate temperature, between 110℃ and 230℃ (the second quenching temperature), held at this temperature for a time, quenched again into iced water and aged at a low temperature. Variation of the holding time at the second quenching temperature brings about the variation of the isothermal aging curves. Maximum resistivity of the isothermal aging curve, p(max) , decreases at first, passes a minimum and then increases to reach a stationary value as the holding time at the intermediate temperature increases. It is pointed out that this phenomenon is mainly due to the fluctuation of solute concentration and the vacancy concentration decreasing at the intermediate temperature.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1979-03-05
Volume volume13
Start Page 95
End Page 117
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307526
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15672
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_4_51.pdf
Author Takahashi Teruo| Akagi Yasuharu|
Abstract In this report, the average holding time of gas in foaming layer and the number of transfer units based on gas-phase of the Rotational-current tray were considered experimentally. The average holding time was determined by water-air system. On the other hand, the number of transfer units was determined by water-ammonia-air system that gas-phase resistance controlled. The average holding time increases with gas and liquid velocities, and does not change with the tray dimensions clearly. From the experimental results of the number of transfer units, it was found that the tray can be operated at high efficiency up to larger gas and liquid flow rates than that of sieve trays.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1969-09-01
Volume volume4
Issue issue1
Start Page 51
End Page 56
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307449
JaLCDOI 10.18926/15660
FullText URL Mem_Sch_Eng_OU_8_2_52.pdf
Author Wada Tsutomu| Shimizu Akira| Dohta Shujiro|
Abstract The dynamic behaviour of attaching jet with single side wall to step control flow and the switching proces of the bistable amplifiers were investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the experiments, a large scale model was used with water. The flow patterns were visualized by the tracer of polystrene granules and were recorded by a cinecamera. In the analysis, the quasi-steady proces was assumed. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1) The proposed analytical dynamic model of attaching jet explains well the dynamic behaviour of attaching jet with single side wall. 2) The process" of the opposite wall switching may be divided into three phases. 3) The analytical model of the opposite wall switching, including the formulation of the switching criterion, was proposed.
Publication Title Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University
Published Date 1973-12-26
Volume volume8
Issue issue2
Start Page 52
End Page 65
ISSN 0475-0071
language English
File Version publisher
NAID 120002307728