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A case of intramural pure pigment gallstones, which were fortuitously found in post-mortem examination, is presented. The incidence, mechanism of formation of the stones and roentgenological diagnosis of the intramural gallstones, porcelain gall bladder, are mentioned.

1. With strain L cells in culture the biological effects of oxygen rich environment have been observed with special reference to the cell growth, glycolysis, respiration, incorporation of P³² into Δ10 P and DNA synthesis. 2. Oxygen rich environment produces an increase in the vital activity of the cells at the initial stage of culture, i. e. increased activity of succinoxidase system, low glucose consumption and active cell growth, but in the later stage the activity of the cells is lowered likewise the activity of succinoxidase with the decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and an increase in the uptake of glucose and the enhanced lactic acid production. 3. The most adequate atmosphere for cell proliferation is found to be air though the reason for this remains unsolved. 4. Suppressed cell growth in the later stage of cell culture under the oxygen rich environment is accompanied by the increase of the cells containing smaller amount of DNA, but it is uncertain whether or not the decreased rate in DNA synthesis is responsible for the depressed cell growth.

Following Fibrin Plate Method of SZOLLOSY and RENGEI² , and ASTRUP and MULLERTZ³, the author conducted a series of experiments in an attempt to identify human blood by detecting the proactivator believed to be one of the enzyme proteins contained abundantly in human blood. As the results it has been found that with 0.1 mg. % SK-solution human blood alone responds to the reaction, showing almost absolute species-specificity within 4 hours but not with blood of monkey. In addition, the sensitivity is so high that it responds positively up to the dilution of 1: 8,000 to 1: 10,000 (human blood: physiological saline solution). By means of this method using 0.1 mg% SK-solution it has been clearly demonstated that the identification of human blood is possible in a variety of conditions and states as may be encountered in practical legal medicine such as with blood stains in cloth, wood, stone, leaves of tree even with a trace of blood stain, old human blood stain left standing for 20 to 30 years, old blood mixed with iron rust, blood stains soaked in various oils, and even the blood stained cloth washed thoroughly and left standing in room temperature for 6 months. Therefore, this Fibrin Plate Method seems to be the excellent one for the identification of human blood.

The synthesis of nuclieic acids in the liver and the lymphoid tissues of adult mice was studied during the restitution period after the 6-day starvation. The results obtained indicate that there occurs an unexpected rapid synthesis of DNA in the hepatic parenchymal cells during the restitution period without significant increase in the total amount of DNA in the liver. Most rapid DNA-synthesis in the liver appears to occur one day after refeeding. With respect to RNA in the liver as well as to both RNA and DNA in the lymphoid tissnes, on the other hand, there is a good parallelism between the rate of their synthesis and that of increase in their amounts, without apparent dissociation between both rates as seen in the liver DNA.

For the purpose to reveal the characteris6cs of the synovial fluid of the chronic rheumatoid arthritis the proteins of the synovial fluid and blood serum have been analysed by employing the methods of electrophoresis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column and ultracentrifugation. Waaler-Rose test and latex fixation test have also been made on each protein fraction, and the following results were obtained. 1) The total protein level of synovial fluid, which is 3/5 of that of the serum, is slightly higher than that of control. 2) Fractionation of the synovial proteins by electrophoresis revealed nearly the same protein contents in each fraction in percentage as that of comparable fraction of the serum protein, with a slight increase in γ-globulin fraction. 3) The fractionation by Sephadex column G-200 give three peaks both in serum and synovial fluid, 19 S, 7Sand 4S. 4) 19S fraction of the synovial fluid, which is mainly of γ-globulin, showed a higher level than that of the synovial fluid from the controls. 5) Rheumatoid tests gave positive reaction in the 1st peak containing 19S γ-globulin from the synovial fluid and blood serum.

For the purpose of revealing the role of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) for the antibody formation, the rats which received the repeated intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of a vast amount of PVP were challenged by bovine serum albumin (BSA) introducing through 2 routes of intramuscular and intravenous, and then antibody formation was observed. Blood cell count and clearance rate of radiogold were observed for the purpose of obtaining the information of blockade grade of the RES by PVP. Phagocytic activity of macrophages ingesting PVP against iron colloid were also observed in vitro. 1. A severe anemia was induced by the administration of a vast amount of PVP, 15 ml of 3% solution daily or every other day for 63 days. Histological picture indicated the suppressed erythropoiesis probably by iron deficiency or the lowered iron transporting activity of the RES, as the anemia recovered after intraperitoneal iron injections. 2. With the generalized and marked swelling of the RES, the cells in germinal center of spleen and lymph nodes were extremely swollen and lymphocytes disappeared completely, suggesting that the macrophages in germinal center play an important role in reproduction and differentiation of lymphocytes. 3. The phagocytic activity of the RES as understood from the clearance rate of radiogold was suppressed only slightly even by a heavy deposition of PVP after the repeated injections. The state of blockade or the suppressed phagocytic activity persisted for 48 hours or more after the several PVP injections. However, complete blockade of the RES or inactivation of the phagocytic activity by PVP injection was not attained. 4. A prolonged treatment of animals with PVP caused delay in the appearance of circulating antibody but the final titration reached the same level as that of control. The data suggest that the blockade of the RES by PVP induces the delay in the transmittance of the information for the antibody formation from the macrophages to the immunologically competent cells but no delay in the ingesting antigen by the macrophages.

1. The studies of structure and function of the plasma membranes of cancer cells is extremely important for the elucidation of specificity of phenotypes of cancer cells. In order to bring this subject to light, plasma membranes, mitochondria, microsomes and nuclei have been isolated from the AH 130 ascites carcinoma cells and rat liver cells. The electron cytochemical observations and biochemical assays of M g²+-Na+-K+-ATPase, ADPase, AMPase, and β-glycerophosphatase activities have been carried out before and after the fixation with glutaraldehyde. 2. M g²+-ATPase and Mg²+-N a +-K +-ATPase are present in the isolated plasma membranes, mitochondria and microsomes in both AH 130 cells and rat liver cells. ADPase and AMPase of the mitochondria and microsomes show far lower activities than those of the corresponding enzymes found in rat liver plasma membrane. ADPase and AMPase of AH 130 cell fraction exhibit activity much lower or zero. Generally, enzymatic activity of the AH 130 cell fraction is much lower than that of rat liver cell fraction. 3. Mg²+-Na+-K+-ATPase is completely abolished by 5% glutaraldehyde fixation while it shows less effect on Mg²+-ATPase in the plasma membrane. ADPase and AMPase activities of the mitochondria and microsomes are completely inhibited by glutaraldehyde fixation. AMPase of the plasma membrane of rat liver is completely abolished while ADPase activity is not affected in any way. 4. Only Mg²+-ATPase can be demonstrated electron cytochemically. Cytochemical reaction products of Mg²+-ATPase are located at the outer layer of the plasma membrane of the AH 130 cells and rat liver tissue. In the isolated membrane fractions it is located at the inner layer. 5. ρ-Chloromercuribenzoate has only a slight effect on Mg²+-ATPase and Mg²+-Na+-K+-ATPase activities of the rat liver membrane, while it inhibits these enzyme activities in the AH 130 cell membrane. NaF (1 mM) and NaN3 (1 mM) inactivate ADPase of the rat liver plasma memo brane. 6. In these experimental conditions, nonenzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by lead ions is not recognized. 7. It seems most reasonable to conclude that cytochemical electron microscopic demonstration of Mg²+-ATPase after fixation with glutaraldehyde may serve as the absolute marker for the plasma membrane of ascites hepatoma and liver cells.

A report is made on a case of liposarcoma of stomach in a 42 year old man. This is the first case of liposarcoma of stomach reported in Japan. The patient has remained asymptomatic for five years after operation.

1. For the purpose to clarify the mechanism of the revolutional changes in energy metabolism during the reticulocyte maturation the metabolisms of glucose and of the pentose moieties of acid soluble nucleotides have been observed on rabbit reticulocytes incubated in vitro under various conditions. 2. The maturation of reticulocyte proceeds by using the energy produced by aerobic glycolysis and is arrested in the glucose deficient medium, but the pentose moieties of purine nucleotide and nucleoside added exogenously serve as the energy source for reticulocyte maturation even in the absence of glucose. 3. The test on the utility efficiency of glucose and inosine as the energy source for reticulocyte maturation revealed that glucose is used more effectively than the pentose moiety of inosine under aerobic condition, which is advantageous for reticulocyte maturation, and vice versa under anaerobic condition, which is comparable to the metabolism of mature red cell. 4. From these results it has been suggested that the maturation of reticulocyte is the process of degradation of RNA and acid soluble nucleotides supported by the aerobic glycolysis, where the degradation products of RNA and acid soluble purine nucleotides provide the purine derivatives as the material for ATP synthesis (36) and the pentose moieties as energy source. 5. A possible mechanism for the superior utility of glucose to nucleoside pentose during reticulocyte maturation and vice versa in mature red cell has been discussed.

Replacement of abdominal vena cava with a fresh autogenous substitute, the segment of small intestinal submucosa, was attempted in 15 animals. Five segments were prepared from the intestine smeared with iodine tincture, and reinforced with a steel coil externally in the entire length and a steel or polyethylene ring at the anastomosis. Thoracoabdominal long implantation was done in three animals, of which one with the intestinal segment devoid of mucosa, and the other two with the submucosa. Replacement of abdominal vena cava with the submucosa taken out of the intestinal segment preserved for nine days in 1% mercurochrome solution, or 0.1 % acrinolum solution was done in one animal each. In these two a coil and two rings were also applied. Replacement of abdominal aorta with the double layer tube of a reconstructed submucosa and another very porous Tetoron gauze was done in two animals, each coupled with the abdominal vena cava replacement at the same time. Of these experiments, aorta replacements were nearly patent in both. The abdominal vena cava replacements made of the submucosa treated with iodine tincture were patent in three. The one that was preserved in acrinolum showed moderate constriction. Most of the others were also observed for a long period of time but these all occluded in spite of the initial patency which was revealed at three to seven days in cavograms, and the time of the occlusion was not determined. The internal surface of the segment of submucosa, being implanted, is covered in the first stage with the deposition of fibrin, which is subsequently organized into a fibrous layer, in the same manner as that of the synthetic graft. Another disadvantage of this substitute is its readily collapsible tendency. Infection is preventable in the experiment. The substitute seems to be useful for the replacement of aorta and for the short segment of vena cave.

For the column chromatographic isolation of individual phospholipids from the total phospholipid mixture, silicic acid, DEAE cellulose, alumina and others, have been used as adsorbent. However, it must be emphasized that silicic acid (1, 2, 3, 4) is the most useful adsorbent for the separation of the total phospholipid mixture from each other in reasonable purity. VAN DEENEN reported that pure phosphatidyl glycerol was obtained from the lipid fraction of spinach leaves after repeated chromatography on silicic acid column (5). The phospholipid extracted from Escherichia coli B consists of abundant phosphatidyl ethanolamine (70-80 %), cardiolipin, phosphatidyl glycerol and other minor components as described in the previous paper (6). The high percentage content of phosphatidyl ethanolamine renders it difficult to separate the phospholipids by the column chromatography. Therefore, repeated chromatographies on the silicic acid column treated with sodium bicarbonate (7) and normal silicic acid column were employed for the isolation of the major components from the total phospholipid of E. coli B. Stepwise elution (4) was carried out with chloroform containing increasing proportions of methanol, and the eluent was divided into several fractions according to experience with thin-layer chromatography.

The rats which received the repeated intra peritoneal or intravenous　injections of methyl palmitate showed a marked depressed phagocytic activity　of the RES as shown by the clearance test with radioactive iron as　well as by histological observations and a significantly suppressed antibody　formation against the challenge by BSA.　Differing from the cases of the blockade of the RES made by PVP or　radiogold, the injection of methyl palmitate did not result in any injurious　effect on the lymph follicles of lymph nodes and spleen and the plasma　cells proliferation as revealed by the histological observation. Histochemical observations of iron phagocytosis of the RES done by　Perls stain revealed that methyl palmitate　suppressed the phagocytic activity　of the Kupffer cells of the liver dramatically and also suppressed the　phagocytic activity of the sinus-lining cells in spleen to a lesser degree.　The result indicates that the injection of methyl palmitate attacks the phagocytic　function of the RES selectively and induces the reduced immune　response of the organism without giving any damages to the proliferation of immunologically com petent cells.　The fact suggests that the RES lowered in their phagocytic activity　fails to produce the informational substance for immune　response, showing　a lower level in the antibody formation even in the presence of antigen　and proliferating immunologically competent cells.

When the lymph node cells sensitized by Ehrlich ascites tumor were mixed and cultured with JTC-ll cells derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor, the interaction of the two cell groups exhibited a contactual phenomenon accompanied by the destruction of JTC-ll cells. These two cell groups in contact were fixed with OsO4, solution and the ultra-thin sections were observed in the electron microscope. As a result the following findings were obtained. In the interaction where lymph node cells become attached to JTC-ll cells, resulting in the destruction of JTC-ll cells, lymphnode cells were also destroyed. Effector cells seem to be a kind of cells in the lymph nodes, and from their morphological characteristics they are considered to be lymphocytes. Electron microscopic observations of the surface of contact revealed the following: some cells are adhered to one another at the surfaces of the cell membranes that run in parallel; some are in contact by means of filamentous projection of lymhocytes; the cell membranes of the two cells form interdigitation; and both surfaces of two cell membranes are disrupted at the point of contact and the cytoplasm of the two cells appears to be directly connected with one another.

Immunological analysis of histones extracted from the calf thymus has not been so successful because of their weak antigenicity against rabbits. Our investigations, however, have demonstrated that the histones purified from normal rat livers have the weak antigenicity against rabbits.

For the purpose to see how the suppression of the nucleic acid synthesis disturbs the cell specialization process the author observed the erythroid cell specialization in anemic rats by treating them with aminopterin (AP) and 5-bromouracil (BU). The observations indicate that the AP injection inhibits the mitosis of erythroblast with the acceleration of hemoglobin synthesis and the denucleation. The bromouracil administration scarcely suppressed the mitosis and the appearance of acidophilicity of erythroblast was retarded. Data indicate that the inhibition of mitosis accelerates the specialization or somatic protein synthesis of erythroblast. The acting mechanisms of the medicaments were discussed from the characteristics of these agents as the analogue of the substances related to DNA metabolism.

For the first time we found that cardiolipin was contained abundantly in Eschrichia coli, and we succeeded in isolating and purifying it as reported previously. With this E. coli cardiolipin a study was made on its reactivity to Wassermann antibody reagin by OGATA'S box titration, and the following results were obtained. L The purity of cardiolipin prepared from E. coli has been found to be satisfactory on the thin-layer chromatogram, by its chemical analyses and by its infrared spectrum study. 2. The composition of fatty acids of E. coli cardiolipin differed considerably from that of beef heart cardiolipin in the point that unsaturated fatty acids occupied only less than 66% in the former. Therefore, in the preparation of antigen, EtOH containing 20% tetrahydrofuran was used, which gave a clear solution, as E. coli cardiolipin did not dissolve completely in EtOH solution. 3. In the reaction made to take place with the serum from rabbit immunized with beef heart cardiolipin, E. coli cardiolipin gave almost the same reactivity to that of beef heart cardiolipin. 4. The reactivity of E. coli cardiolipin to the sera of syphilitic patients was also paretically the same as that of OGATA'S antigen, while it did not show any reactivity against the sera of normal person.

There are many electron microscopic observations of the cells infected with measles virus (1-6), and all of them appear to be concerned mainly with observation on the inclusion bodies and not any seems to have described the morphology of mature virus particles located within the infected cell.

By means of the thin layer chromatography (TLC) a study was carried out on the decomposition of methyl parathion, ethyl parathion and sumithion when exposed to heat or ultra-violet irradiation. The results are briefly summarized as follows. 1. Parathions, when exposed to heat, form hydrolysates and such 0-analog as paraoxon as well as S-alky1 isomers. 2. When parathions are exposed to ultra-violet rays at 365 mμ and 254 mμ, the rate of decomposition is extremely slow. For example, when exposed to such rays in Petri dish for 5 hours, only a small amount of S-alkyl isomer is formed. 3. After heating parathions in a small test tube and conducting TLC, when each 0-analog and S-alkyl isomer above mentioned is confirmed, it is possible to identify a minute amount of each parathion by this method, and thus this method is feasible to apply to practical poison examination as a rapid and simple qualitative examination method.

Experimental replacement of inferior vena cava with crimped woven Tetoron arterial graft was performed in dogs. Bypass-graft to thoracic inferior vena cava was not successful in two animals. Total repacement of thoracic inferior vena cava was attempted in four animals, and thoracoabdominal long implantation to inferior vena cava through diaphragm behind liver, followed by excision of thoracic inferior vena cava between the anastomoses, was done in 12 animals. Of these 16 animals, the graft was patent or not occluded in nine at autopsy between the 30th and the 451st day after implantation. Similar thoracoabdminal implantation of a graft reinforced with a steel coil was made in seven animals. Two grafts were patent at autopsy after 37 and 251 days, respectively. Abdominal vena cava replacement with a graft reinforced with a coil was undertaken in three animals. Two grafts were patent at autopsy after 117 and 142 days, respectively. On the whole, long term survival without occlusion over 30 days was obtained in fifteen/twenty-eight animals. Aside from the instances of simple bypassgraft and obvious technical errors in early experiments, it was in fifteen/ eighteen, and the graft was completely patent in ten/eighteen animals. The failures within 30 days resulted mostly from either lung complications or technical errors, and the latter were remarkable in the thoracoabdominal group where the graft reinforced with coil was used, but the application of the coil was very effective in protecting the graft against the compression by the adjacent organs. Tissue reaction to Tetoron was not noticeable and to the silk thread it was very slight and seemed not to affect long term success. By the present method even the total replacement of theracic inferior vena cava can be performed safely under normothermia and thoracoabdominallong implantation to inferior vena cava is also possible with considerable success. In order to prepare a more suitable synthetic graft for vein, it requires further search for harder, lighter, more elastic and physicochemically more stable material. The fabric of venous graft should be preferably more porous and thinner than that of the arterial graft available at the present in order to make the organization within the shortest time possible.

For the purpose of revealing the interaction between macrophages and plasma cells in relation to antibody formation and information for cell specialization, the proliferation of plasma cell by antigenic stimulation was observed in the rats whose RES had been previously injured by radiogold. The production of the circulating antibody was markedly suppressed by the pretreatment with radiogold. Histological observation revealed that the plasma cells and lymphocytes were completely obliterated and the tissues were replaced by the basophilic cells and fibroblastic cells. Lymph nodes which contained less radiogold and expected to be less in cell injury had also lost their lymphocytes, but showed a marked proliferation of plasma cells in the medullary cord and large basophilic cells in the area of lymph follicles. The data suggest that the impaired immune response will be due to the failure of the macrophages in releasing the informational substance for plasma cell specialization and for antibody formation on account of possible inability in metabolizing the ingested antigen by the injured macrophages.