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Ability of two neurovirulent strains (F and +GC (LPV) Miyama) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to establish and maintain reactivatable latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) was compared after intranasal inoculation of mice. The +GC (LPV) Miyama strain showed a very low rate of virus reactivation in explant cultures of TG, while the F strain showed a high rate of reactivation. These data indicate that neurovirulent strains of HSV-1 are not always competent for reactivatable latency, although most virulent strains of HSV-1 thus far reported were competent for reactivatable latency.</P>

DNA repair synthesis induced in permeable mouse ascites sarcoma cells by peplomycin, an antitumor antibiotic, was studied. Mouse ascites sarcoma (SR-C3H/He) cells were permeabilized with a low concentration of Triton X-100 in an isotonic condition. Permeable cells were treated with an appropriate concentration of peplomycin to introduce single-strand breaks in permeable cell DNA. DNA repair synthesis in peplomycin-treated permeable cells was measured by incubating the cells with four deoxynucleoside triphosphates in an appropriate buffer system. The DNA repair synthesis was enhanced by ATP and NaCl at near physiological concentrations. More than 90% of DNA synthesis in the present system depended on the peplomycin-treatment. The repair nature of the DNA synthesis was confirmed by a BrdUMP density shift technique. The repair patches were largely completed and ligated in the presence of ATP. Analyses using selective inhibitors for DNA polymerases showed that both DNA polymerase Beta and aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerases (DNA polymerase alpha and/or delta) were involved in the repair DNA synthesis.</P>

We studied the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a solid phase extraction column (Bond Elut cartridge column), for the simple, rapid and sensitive determination of serum clonazepam levels in epileptic patients. Extracted aliquots were analyzed by HPLC, using a reverse phase ODS column (mu-Bondapak C18). The analytical mean recovery of clonazepam added to the blank serum averaged 99.9%. The detection limit was as high as approximately 2 ng/ml in the serum. The reproducibilities were 2.3-8.6 CV % in the within-day assay and 6.5 CV % in the between-day assay, indicating that the analysis method was effective in the determination of clonazepam serum levels. Accordingly, we suggest that the present method, using a solid phase extraction column, may be useful for the routine monitoring of clonazepam serum levels in epileptic patients.</P>

Polyester-crystic cast was observed to reach the peritubular capillary plexus following injection in sheep kidneys. Microvascular structures in this region are also reported in this study. Glomeruli were found to vary in size and shape. Diameters of afferent arterioles were larger than those of efferent arterioles. The glomerulus is supplied by more than one afferent arteriole, and in some regions, the blood in afferent arterioles joins collateral circulation via the intercapillary plexus. Morphological properties at the end of the peritubular capillary plexus were found to be remarkably significant.</P>

A 46-year-old woman with acromegaly and hyperthyroidism due to a pituitary adenoma. She had high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and very high serum growth hormone (GH) levels. Transsphenoidal removal of the tumor, post-operative irradiation, frontal craniotomy for removal of residual tumor and large-dose bromocriptine therapy were carried out consecutively. After therapy, serum GH levels gradually decreased, but not to the normal range, and serum TSH levels remained at inappropriately normal levels. Using immunoperoxidase techniques, GH-, TSH- and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-containing cells were demonstrated in the adenoma. A long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, 600 micrograms/day) suppressed the serum GH level to the normal range with a concomitant suppression of TSH. Furthermore, the paradoxical serum GH responses to TRH and LH-RH were slightly improved. No important subjective side-effects were noted. Therefore, SMS 201-995 appeared to be a very effective drug in this patient with a GH- and TSH-producing pituitary tumor.</P>

Concentrations of tryptophan (free and protein bound) and its metabolites in plasma of maternal vein at delivery, umbilical vein, umbilical artery, neonatal vein and breast milk were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The plasma levels of tryptophan and most of its metabolites in umbilical vein and artery were significantly higher than those in maternal vein. The concentration of total tryptophan in plasma of neonatal vein showed marked decrease at 24 h after birth in comparison with that at birth, but the total kynurenine concentration was not decreased in plasma of neonatal vein. The colostrum contained a high level of total tryptophan. There were high ratios of free to total tryptophan in colostrum, transitional and mature milk. In the blood, ratios of free to total of tryptophan and kynurenine were kept at constant level throughout the perinatal period.

Immune responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in six low- or non-responded health-care workers were tested with an intradermal low dose (5 micrograms) of the recombinant vaccine. The injection was repeated three or four times at fortnightly intervals. These successive doses of the vaccine induced a high concentration of antibodies with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reactions in all six subjects. A few minor temporary side effects, such as irritation and itching at the injection site, were reported by some of the vaccinees. The results suggest low-dose of intradermal HBV vaccinations for low- or non-responders are safe and readily effective.

<p>Iron plays a critical role in the production of activated oxygen species and the activity of chelated iron in the biological system depends on the chemical forms of the chelators. In the present study, we used ferric nitrolotriacetate (Fe-NTA, molar ratio of iron to chelators = 1:3), ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Fe-EDTA, 1:3 complex) and ferric Desferal (Fe-Des, 1:1.1 complex) to see their "free" iron content in aqueous solutions in vitro and in the serum obtained after a single intraperitoneal injection of the chelates to rats (7.5 mg of iron/kg). "Free" iron was measured by the bleomycin-assay system. When Fe-NTA was dissolved in water, "free" iron increased linearly with total iron concentration up to 10 microM, whereas Fe-EDTA and Fe-Des showed no "free" iron with corresponding iron concentrations. When these three ferric chelates were dissolved in normal rat serum, "free" iron in Fe-NTA increased abruptly between 40 microM and 60 microM iron concentrations, then increased slowly up to 100 microM. Fe-Des did not show any "free" iron at comparable iron concentrations. Fe-EDTA had an intermediate "free" iron level in the serum. Among the ferric chelate complexes, Fe-NTA showed a much faster increase of and a higher content of "free" iron in the serum than the other two complexes after a single injection of the chelates into rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>

Over the last three years, we have used ventricular assist devices (VAD) in 7 patients. Of these 7, four patients with combined aortic and mitral valvular disease underwent double valve replacement; one patient with annuloaortic ectasia underwent a Cabrol's operation; another had aortic valve replacement; the last patient had triple coronary artery bypass grafts. The only patient who could be weaned from CPB developed cardiogenic shock after the operation. LVADs supported 6 patients for 4 to 8 days and a BVAD supported one patient for 9 days. All patients survived the weaning procedure. Three were discharged from the hospital and survived 7 to 21 months. The 4 other patients died of multiple organ failure. Three of these four suffered from both renal failure and infection, while one patient had arrhythmia and died of ileus. These data suggest that renal failure and major infection can be serious detrimental complications to VAD support.

A study was performed to verify that the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence in Formosan aborigines differs from that of Taiwanese (Chinese Han people), using analysis of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes and flush patterns on randomly sampled 70 Atayal, 66 Paiwan, 61 Yami and 94 Taiwanese subjects were studied. The activity of an isomer of ALDH having a low Km (ALDH-I) in hair roots was analysed by isoelectric focusing assay. The subjective experience of flushing response after alcohol ingestion was assessed. Results showed that the rate of ALDH-I deficiency in Taiwanese (51.1%) was significantly higher than in aborigines, i.e., 6.4%, 3.9%, and 0% in Atayal, Paiwan, and Yami subjects, respectively. The percentage occurrence of ALDH-I deficiency and prevalence of alcohol dependence in Taiwanese and aborigines were negatively correlated. The predominant pattern of self-reported flush response after alcohol use among aborigines was of slow onset. The flush response to alcohol ingestion was examined in relation to aldehyde metabolizing enzyme. Since alcohol sensitivity is an important factor in the development and maintenance of the alcohol ingestion habit in humans, our results support the hypothesis that there is a biological basis in the different rates of alcohol abuse and dependence among different ethnic groups.

An autopsy case of spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was reported. The patient was a 75-year-old male and his initial neurologic symptoms were paraplegia, paresthesia below the umbilical level and urination difficulty. Subsequently night delirium and parkinsonism also appeared. The clinical and pathological findings in this case are identical with those in the spinal AVM except for Parkinson's disease. In addition, the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the middle thoracic segment showed pallor: Under light microscopy, the funiculus was spongiform, with a thinner wall of the myelin sheath, enlargement of the axon and the perivascular infiltration of phagocytes without plasma exudation. The changes in the lateral funiculus seemed to indicate early congestive changes.

A 34-year-old woman infected with human T cell leukemia virus type-I(HTLV-I) with recurrent thrombocytopenia and various autoantibodies is described. The platelet counts fluctuated between 1.3 x 10(4)/microliters and 14.8 x 10(4)/microliters without any medical treatment, and thrombocytopenia improved with a decrease of platelet-associated IgG (PA-IgG). Autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor, anti-Sm, anti-RNP and anti-SSA antibodies were also recognized. Marker analysis of peripheral mononuclear cells showed an increase in the proportion of CD 25+ cells, CD 3+ HLA-DR+ cells, CD4+ HLA-DR+ cells and CD8+ HLA-DR+ cells. The recurrent thrombocytopenia and development of various autoantibodies in this HTLV-I carrier are speculated to be due to the alteration of B cell functions by T cells infected with HTLV-I.

In the present study, the fumes generated from manual metal arc (MMA) and submerged metal arc (SMA) welding of low temperature service steel, and the chromium and nickel percentages in these fumes, were measured at various horizontal distances and vertical heights from the arc in order to obtain a three dimensional distribution. The MMA welding fume concentrations were significantly higher than the SMA welding fume concentrations. The highest fume concentration on the horizontal was shown in the fumes collected directly above the arc. The fume concentration vertically was highest at 50 cm height and reduced by half at 150 cm height. The fume concentration at 250 cm height was scarcely different from that at 150 cm height. The distribution of the chromium concentration vertically was analogous to the fume concentration, and a statistically significant difference in the chromium percentages was not found at the different heights. The nickel concentrations were not statistically significant within the welding processes, but the nickel percentages in the SMA welding fumes were statistically higher than in the MMA welding fumes. The highest nickel concentration on the horizontal was found in the fumes collected directly above the arc. The highest nickel concentration vertically showed in the fume samples collected at 50 cm height, but the greater the height the larger the nickel percentage in the fumes.

Proportional changes of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood were monitored by two-color flow-cytometry in seven leukemia patients who had received allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Lymphocyte counts, and proportions of T and B-cells returned to normal ranges between the 2nd and 12th months after BMT. Activated T-cells prominently increased after BMT, and the values gradually returned toward normal. As to lymphocyte subsets, the proportions of CD 4+ cells had remained low, while those of CD 8+ cells high for a whole observation period after BMT. The changes of CD 4+ cells were caused by the decrease of suppressor-inducer T-cells (CD 4+ Leu 8+). High proportion of CD 8+ cells was mainly associated with increased suppressor T-cells (CD 8+ CD 11+). Among natural killer (NK) cells, highly active NK cells (CD 16+ CD 57-) markedly increased shortly after BMT, and gradually returned to normal. CD 16 -CD 57+ NK cells increased beyond normal ranges after the 2nd month. The incidence or degree of acute and chronic graft-versus-host diseases (GVHD) did not correlate with the changes of any lymphocyte subsets. The present results suggest that the increase of activated T-cells shortly after BMT reflects lymphocyte reconstitution. The prolonged immune deficiency after BMT might be related to either deficient expression of homing receptor (Leu 8 antigen) on CD 4+ cells or increased suppressor T-cells (CD 8+ CD 11+). In addition, the early increase of NK cells after BMT may compensate for the immune deficiency in BMT patients.

Wheat germ agglutinin binding to a rat hepatoma cell line dRLa 74 treated with concanavalin A was studied. It increased depending on the concanavalin A concentration in the culture medium. The cells exhibited about twofold increase in wheat germ agglutinin-binding when pretreated with 50 micrograms/ml of concanavalin A for 48 h. The wheat germ agglutinin binding sites were shown to be localized at the cell surface by lectin-histochemistry. Wheat germ agglutinin blotting of microsomal membrane proteins showed a broad wheat germ agglutinin-reactive band with an apparent molecular weight of 90 to 100 kDa. Loss of wheat germ agglutinin binding to dRLa 74 cells and the glycoprotein after neuraminidase treatment suggested that wheat germ agglutinin reacted with cell surface sialyl residues of dRLa 74 cells. The induced change was reversible. Increased wheat germ agglutinin binding returned to the pretreatment level when the concanavalin A-treated cells were subcultured in the absence of concanavalin A. These observations suggest that environmental factors interacting with tumor cell surface sugar moieties may induce reversible epigenetic changes on cell surface carbohydrate structures.

Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in eleven brain regions of rats following acute and repeated ethanol administration: (a) an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1, 2, 3 or 4g ethanol/kg body weight and (b) i.p. injection of 1 or 2g ethanol/kg body weight for seven consecutive days. After acute administration, the concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites appeared to be altered in all brain regions examined except substantia nigra and dorsal amygdala, with maximal variation 2 or 3h after 3g ethanol administration. After repeated administration, the alterations following injections of 2.0g/kg were more marked than the injections of 1.0g/kg. Generally, the levels of NE, DA and 5-HT were decreased while the levels of HVA, DOPAC and 5-HIAA were increased with a few exception. The most prominent findings were seen in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and locus coeruleus. These data indicate that concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites can be determined simultaneously in discrete brain regions and that monoaminergic systems in the brain respond region-specifically to ethanol treatment.</P>

A biventricular bypass type total artificial heart (BVB-TAH) utilizing two pusher-plate pumps was developed and implanted in a sheep for 48 days with excellent results. A Hall effect sensor was utilized to operate each pump independently with a full stroke at variable rates (VR). With this system, the animal's hemodynamics was kept physiologically, and all metabolic parameters except hemoglobin and hematocrit returned to normal three weeks after implantation. However, signs of infection appeared on the forty-second day, and consequently the animal fell into a state of shock. Even at that time the BVB-TAH maintained circulation by increasing pumping rate automatically. On the forty-eighth day, the animal could not stand and suffered from anuria; the experiment was then terminated after 1,140 h pumping. At autopsy, there was an enlarged heart with an atrophic change, 1,900 ml of pleural effusion, and 3,100ml of ascites fluid. Blood culture taken on the forty-seventh day yielded Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The BVB-TAH operated in an independent VR mode maintained entire circulation, and has a capability of substituting the native heart function in any situation.

Guillingji powder, a complex prescription of traditional Chinese medicines, has been pharmacologically shown to be a possible anti-aging agent, and also used for the treatment of male hypogonadism and female dysgenesis. Since the levels of numerous brain monoamines and their metabolites such as norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) have been correlated with aging, we examined the effects of Guilingji powder and its extract on such monoamines and metabolites in the cerebrum and the cerebellum of mice using HPLC-ECD. The results showed that dietary intake of Guilingji powder had the effect of increasing the NE level and the DOPAC/DA ratio, and decreasing the 5-HT level and 5-HT/NE ratio in the cerebrum. In the cerebellum, the powder did not produce any changes in the levels of the compounds investigated. The extract of Guilingji, on the other hand, not only increased the NE level and the DOPAC/DA ratio but also the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in the cerebrum. However, the extract did not decrease the 5-HT in the cerebrum, although it decreased the 5-HT/NE. Unlike the powder, the extract had an effect in the cerebellum, which increased the DOPAC/DA ratio. These results suggest that Guilingji may have the action of modulating the levels and the metabolism of monoamines.

Serum levels of total IgE, specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 against house dust mite were measured in mite-sensitive asthma patients receiving immunotherapy with house dust. Serum levels of total IgE, mite specific IgE and IgG did not significantly change during the course of hyposensitization. Increased levels of mite specific IgG4 were observed in patients during immunotherapy. The increase in specific IgG4 was dependent on the total dose of house dust administered in both children (r = 0.636, p less than 0.001) and adults (r = 0.629, p less than 0.01). However, the increase of specific IgG4 in adults was not as apparent as in children. These results might suggest that mite specific IgG4 is a useful immunological marker in the immunotherapy for allergic asthma, and that IgG4 antibody acts as a blocking antibody in atopic bronchial asthma.

We examined the effect of food deprivation for three days on hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA in rats. Simultaneously the effect of water deprivation for the same period was examined as a model of dehydration. Levels of AVP mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were determined by semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. Water deprivation increased AVP mRNA in both nuclei as previously reported. In contrast, food deprivation decreased AVP mRNA in these nuclei. The changes in AVP mRNA levels in the PVN were observed in the magnocellular subdivision of the nucleus. Plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone were greatly increased in both treated groups of rats. Plasma AVP and osmolality levels were significantly elevated in water-deprived rats but not in food-deprived rats. These observations indicated that both food deprivation and water deprivation stimulated the pituitary-adrenal axis and that a reduction in AVP mRNA levels in food-deprived rats was caused by food deprivation but not by glucocorticoid feedback suppression nor by altered plasma osmolality.