start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=203 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=107 end-page=116 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2000 dt-pub=200001 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Luminal acidification of diverse organelles by V-ATPase in animal cells en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Eukaryotic cells contain organelles bounded by a single membrane in the cytoplasm. These organelles have differentiated to carry out various functions in the pathways of endocytosis and exocytosis. Their lumina are acidic, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.5. This article describes recent studies on these animal cell organelles focusing on (1) the primary proton pump (vacuolar-type H+-ATPase) and (2) the functions of the organelle luminal acidity. We also discuss similarities and differences between vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and F-type ATPase. Our own studies and interests are emphasized. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=FutaiMasamitsu en-aut-sei=Futai en-aut-mei=Masamitsu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkaToshihiko en-aut-sei=Oka en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=Sun-WadaGe-hong en-aut-sei=Sun-Wada en-aut-mei=Ge-hong kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MoriyamaYoshinori en-aut-sei=Moriyama en-aut-mei=Yoshinori kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanazawaHiroshi en-aut-sei=Kanazawa en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=WadaYoh en-aut-sei=Wada en-aut-mei=Yoh kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University en-keyword=ATPase kn-keyword=ATPase en-keyword=V-ATPase kn-keyword=V-ATPase en-keyword=organelle kn-keyword=organelle en-keyword=endomembrane kn-keyword=endomembrane en-keyword=proton pump kn-keyword=proton pump en-keyword=vacuolar-type ATPase. kn-keyword=vacuolar-type ATPase. END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=204 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=1139 end-page=1152 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2001 dt-pub=200103 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Reproductive behaviour in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGEER: II. Neural control of the genitalia en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=To understand the neural mechanisms of reproductive behaviour in the male cricket, we identified motor neurones innervating the muscles in each genital organ by backfilling with cobalt/nickel and recording their extracellular spike activity from nerve bundles of the terminal abdominal ganglion during tethered copulation and spermatophore formation. During tethered copulation, at least two motor neurones innervating two ipsilateral muscles were activated during projection of the guiding rod of the phallic dorsal pouch. Only one motor neurone, innervating four ipsilateral muscles of the dorsal pouch, was responsible for spermatophore extrusion by deforming the dorsal pouch. For spermatophore transfer, three motor neurones, singly innervating three epiphallus muscles, played a major role in opening passages for haemolymph to enter the ventral lobes and median pouch by bending the epiphallus. Two ventral lobe and 3–5 median pouch motor neurones seemed to play a role in expanding or folding the two membranous structures by relaxing or contracting their muscle fibres. After spermatophore transfer, most of the genital motor neurones exhibited a rhythmic burst of action potentials causing movement of the phallic complex coupled with strong abdominal contractions. For spermatophore formation, the genital motor neurones began to accelerate their rhythmic bursts approximately 30 s prior to subgenital plate opening and then changed their activity to tonic bursting or silence. The results have allowed us to describe the timing of the onset and termination of genital muscle contraction more precisely than before, to examine the neural mechanisms of copulatory motor control and to speculate on the neural organization of the reproductive centre for spermatophore extrusion and protrusion. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KumashiroMikihiko en-aut-sei=Kumashiro en-aut-mei=Mikihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SakaiMasaki en-aut-sei=Sakai en-aut-mei=Masaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University en-keyword=male kn-keyword=male en-keyword=cricket kn-keyword=cricket en-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus kn-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus en-keyword=reproductive kn-keyword=reproductive en-keyword=behaviour kn-keyword=behaviour en-keyword=neural activity kn-keyword=neural activity en-keyword=spermatophore extrusion kn-keyword=spermatophore extrusion en-keyword=spermatophore kn-keyword=spermatophore en-keyword=protrusion. kn-keyword=protrusion. END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=203 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=117 end-page=125 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2001 dt-pub=200101 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Synaptic-like microvesicles, synaptic vesicle counterparts in endocrine cells, are involved in a novel regulatory mechanism for the synthesis and secretion of hormones en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Microvesicles in endocrine cells are the morphological and functional equivalent of neuronal synaptic vesicles. Microvesicles accumulate various neurotransmitters through a transmitter-specific vesicular transporter energized by vacuolar H+-ATPase. We found that mammalian pinealocytes, endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete melatonin, accumulate L-glutamate in their microvesicles and secrete it through exocytosis. Pinealocytes use L-glutamate as either a paracrine- or autocrine-like chemical transmitter in a receptor-mediated manner, resulting in inhibition of melatonin synthesis. In this article, we briefly describe the overall features of the microvesicle-mediated signal-transduction mechanism in the pineal gland and discuss the important role of acidic organelles in a novel regulatory mechanism for hormonal synthesis and secretion. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MoriyamaYoshinori en-aut-sei=Moriyama en-aut-mei=Yoshinori kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=HayashiMitsuko en-aut-sei=Hayashi en-aut-mei=Mitsuko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamadaHiroshi en-aut-sei=Yamada en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=YatsushiroShouki en-aut-sei=Yatsushiro en-aut-mei=Shouki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=IshioShougo en-aut-sei=Ishio en-aut-mei=Shougo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamamotoAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Yamamoto en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University en-keyword=V-ATPase kn-keyword=V-ATPase en-keyword=melatonin kn-keyword=melatonin en-keyword=L-glutamate kn-keyword=L-glutamate en-keyword=serotonin kn-keyword=serotonin en-keyword=paracrine kn-keyword=paracrine en-keyword=autocrine kn-keyword=autocrine en-keyword=pinealocyte kn-keyword=pinealocyte en-keyword=endocrine cell. kn-keyword=endocrine cell. END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=205 cd-vols= no-issue=22 article-no= start-page=3487 end-page=3504 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2002 dt-pub=200211 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Hatching controlled by the circatidal clock, and the role of the medulla terminalis in the optic peduncle of the eyestalk, in an estuarine crab Sesarma haematocheir en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Embryos attached to the female crab Sesarma haematocheir hatch synchronously within 1 h. Hatching is also synchronized near the time of the expected nocturnal high tide. These events are governed by a single circatidal clock (or pacemaker) in the female crab. The present study examined the role of the optic peduncle of the eyestalk on hatching and hatching synchrony. Surgery was performed either from the tip of the eyestalk [to remove the region of the optic peduncle from the compound eye–retina complex to the medulla interna (MI)] or from a small triangle 'window' opened on the eyestalk exoskeleton [to create lesions on the medulla terminalis (MT) of the optic peduncle]. Neither hatching nor hatching synchrony was affected by removal of the region of the optic peduncle from the compound eye–retina complex to the MI: the circatidal rhythm also remained. Removal of the MI probably caused damage to the sinus gland and the bundle of axons running from the sinus gland to the X organ. Nevertheless, maintenance of highly synchronized hatching indicates that the X organ–sinus gland system is not related to hatching. Hatching and hatching synchrony were not affected by dorsal-half cuts of the MT: the timing of hatching was not affected either. By contrast, transverse and ventral-half cuts of the MT caused severe damage to most females; hatching of many females was suppressed, while hatching of some females was either periodic, at intervals of approximately 24 h, or arrhythmic for a few days. The bundle of neuronal axons is tangled in the MT, and the axons inducing hatching pass through the ventral half of the MT. Complete incision of these axon bundles may have suppressed hatching. Incomplete incision of the axon bundle or partial damage to the neurons may have caused periodic or arrhythmic patterns of hatching. There are two possible roles for MT in hatching. One possibility is that neurons in the MT only induce hatching under the control of the circatidal pacemaker located in a site somewhere other than the optic peduncle. Another possibility is that the circatidal pacemaker is actually present in the MT. The second possibility seems more plausible. Each embryo has a special 48–49.5 h developmental program for hatching. This program could be initiated by the circatidal pacemaker in the female, and hatching synchrony may also be enhanced by the same pacemaker. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SaigusaMasayuki en-aut-sei=Saigusa en-aut-mei=Masayuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Laboratory of Behavior and Evolution, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University en-keyword=circatidal pacemaker kn-keyword=circatidal pacemaker en-keyword=estuarine crab kn-keyword=estuarine crab en-keyword=gentle-release kn-keyword=gentle-release en-keyword=behavior kn-keyword=behavior en-keyword=hatching synchrony kn-keyword=hatching synchrony en-keyword=medulla terminalis kn-keyword=medulla terminalis en-keyword=optic peduncle kn-keyword=optic peduncle en-keyword=eyestalk kn-keyword=eyestalk en-keyword=neuronal pathway kn-keyword=neuronal pathway en-keyword=vigorous-release behavior kn-keyword=vigorous-release behavior en-keyword=Sesarma kn-keyword=Sesarma en-keyword=haematocheir. kn-keyword=haematocheir. END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=200 cd-vols= no-issue=20 article-no= start-page=2583 end-page=2595 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1997 dt-pub=199710 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Three neural groups in the femoral chordotonal organ of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus: Central projections and soma arrangement and displacement during joint flexion en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The arrangement of neuronal somata and their displacement during joint flexion together with the central projection of the pro- and metathoracic femoral chordotonal organs (FCOs) in the cricket were investigated. The FCO consists of the partially fused ventral and dorsal scoloparia in the proximal femur. The ventrally located neurones (the ventral group) form chainlike rows in which somata became sequentially smallerdistally and project their axons ipsilaterally to the dorsolateral regions, giving off abundant branches and terminating in the region between the dorsal intermediatetract and the ventral intermediate tract in the thoracichemiganglion. The dorsal scoloparium, composed of small,simply aggregated neurones, projects exclusively to the medioventral association centre (mVAC), which is known to be an auditory neuropile. In addition, another neural cluster (the dorsal group) was found in the proximo-dorsal region of the ventral scoloparium. This was composed of simply aggregated neurones with axons giving off sparse branches dorso-laterally and terminating in the peripheral region inside the mVAC. The somata of these three groups were displaced distally by flexion of the femoro-tibial joint: the ventral group showed the greatest displacement, with the degree of movement depending upon soma location, while the dorsal group and dorsal scoloparium neurones were hardly displaced, possibly because of their strong connection with the cuticle. These properties were similar in both the prothoracic FCO and the metathoracic FCO. Taken together, the above points suggest that there is greater functional differentiation of the FCO than was previously thought. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NishinoHiroshi en-aut-sei=Nishino en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SakaiMasaki en-aut-sei=Sakai en-aut-mei=Masaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Laboratory of Neuro-Cybernetics, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University en-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus kn-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus en-keyword=femoral chordotonal organ kn-keyword=femoral chordotonal organ en-keyword=neural grouping kn-keyword=neural grouping en-keyword=connective tissues kn-keyword=connective tissues en-keyword=soma displacement kn-keyword=soma displacement en-keyword=central kn-keyword=central en-keyword=projection. kn-keyword=projection. END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=204 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=1123 end-page=1137 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2001 dt-pub=200103 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Reproductive behaviour in the male cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGEER: I. Structure and function of the genitalia en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We have investigated the morphology and physiology of the genitalia of the male cricket to establish a basis for neuroethological study of its reproductive behaviour. First, the structure of the phallic complex, including the dorsal pouch, guiding rod, epiphallus, ventral lobes and median pouch, are described, as are the muscles, cuticle, membranes and biomechanics of copulation. The innervation and sensory receptors have also been examined. Second, the functional role of the muscle in each genital organ has been determined by direct observation of muscle contraction during spontaneous or evoked movements and by analysis of the changes in movements after the ablation of the muscle. Third, for the flexible membranous organs, the ventral lobes and median pouch, the passages for haemolymph and their dynamic properties have been examined using petroleum jelly. Fourth, the sequence of coordinated motor actions performed by the internal and external genital organs, which were induced in both restrained and dissected males using newly developed techniques, has been analyzed during tethered copulation and spermatophore formation. As a result, the mechanisms of copulation and spermatophore formation are now more fully understood. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KumashiroMikihiko en-aut-sei=Kumashiro en-aut-mei=Mikihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SakaiMasaki en-aut-sei=Sakai en-aut-mei=Masaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University en-keyword=male kn-keyword=male en-keyword=cricket kn-keyword=cricket en-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus kn-keyword=Gryllus bimaculatus en-keyword=reproduction kn-keyword=reproduction en-keyword=behaviour kn-keyword=behaviour en-keyword=copulation kn-keyword=copulation en-keyword=spermatophore extrusion kn-keyword=spermatophore extrusion en-keyword=spermatophore kn-keyword=spermatophore en-keyword=protrusion kn-keyword=protrusion en-keyword=genital organ kn-keyword=genital organ en-keyword=innervation. kn-keyword=innervation. END