start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=12835 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=64 end-page=73 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210827 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=(Short Paper) Evidence Collection and Preservation System with Virtual Machine Monitoring en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In a system audit and verification, it is important to securely collect and preserve evidence of execution environments, execution processes, and program execution results. Evidence-based verification of program processes ensures their authenticity; for example, the processes include no altered/infected program library. This paper proposes a solution for collection of evidence on program libraries based on Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). The solution can solve semantic gap by obtaining library file path names. This paper also shows a way to obtain hash values of library files from a guest OS. Furthermore, this paper provides examples of evidence on program xecution and the overhead of the solution. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NakamuraToru en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Toru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItoHiroshi en-aut-sei=Ito en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KiyomotoShinsaku en-aut-sei=Kiyomoto en-aut-mei=Shinsaku kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamauchiToshihiro en-aut-sei=Yamauchi en-aut-mei=Toshihiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=KDDI Research, Inc. kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=KDDI Research, Inc. kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Virtual machine introspection kn-keyword=Virtual machine introspection en-keyword=Forensics kn-keyword=Forensics en-keyword=OS security kn-keyword=OS security END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=12583 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20201209 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Accessibility Service Utilization Rates in Android Applications Shared on Twitter en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The number of malware detected has been increasing annually, and 4.12% of malware reported in 2018 attacked Android phones. Therefore, preventing attacks by Android malware is critically important. Several previous studies have investigated the percentage of apps that utilize accessibility services and are distributed from Google Play, that have been reportedly used by Android malware. However, the Social Networking Services (SNSs) that are used to spread malware have distributed apps not only from Google Play but also from other sources. Therefore, apps distributed from within and outside of Google Play must be investigated to capture malware trends. In this study, we collected apps shared on Twitter in 2018, which is a representative SNS, and created a Twitter shared apps dataset. The dataset consists of 32,068 apps downloaded from the websites of URLs collected on Twitter. We clarified the proportion of apps that contained malware and proportion of apps utilizing accessibility services. We found that both, the percentage of malware and percentage of total apps using accessibility services have been increasing. Notably, the percentages of malware and un-suspicious apps using accessibility services were quite similar. Therefore, this problem cannot be solved by automatically blocking all apps that use accessibility services. Hence, specific countermeasures against malware using accessibility services will be increasingly important for online security in the future. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=IchiokaShuichi en-aut-sei=Ichioka en-aut-mei=Shuichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=PougetEstelle en-aut-sei=Pouget en-aut-mei=Estelle kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MimuraTakao en-aut-sei=Mimura en-aut-mei=Takao kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakajimaJun en-aut-sei=Nakajima en-aut-mei=Jun kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamauchiToshihiro en-aut-sei=Yamauchi en-aut-mei=Toshihiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Accessibility Service kn-keyword=Accessibility Service en-keyword=Android App kn-keyword=Android App en-keyword=Malware kn-keyword=Malware en-keyword=SNS kn-keyword=SNS END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=970 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=609 end-page=620 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2019 dt-pub=201967 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Cross-Cultural Analysis of Top Page Design Among Brazilian, Chinese, Japanese and United States Web Sites en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The aim of present study was to reveal the differences of web design including cultural preference among the four countries that have different cultures. Twenty local municipal sites were randomly chosen from United States, Japan, China, and Brazil. The characteristics of these web sites was investigated from viewpoint of the following seven categories: (1) text, (2) layout, (3) navigation, (4) multimedia, (5) links, (6) items location, (7) color. When the web site had each factor, the researcher gave a "1" for that factor. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was performed to compare the percentage of "0" or "1" of each factor among the four countries. Additionally, the correspondence analysis was performed to grasp the characteristics of each country. The characteristics of the top page design of the four countries were grasped based on these analyses. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Toshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Atsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil= en-keyword=Web design kn-keyword=Web design en-keyword=Cultural difference kn-keyword=Cultural difference en-keyword=Appearance kn-keyword=Appearance en-keyword=Cultural usability kn-keyword=Cultural usability END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=3 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=317 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=20140625 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Glass transition temperature of dried lens tissue pretreated with trehalose, maltose, or cyclic tetrasaccharide en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=[PURPOSE] Glass transition temperature is a main indicator for amorphous polymers and biological macromolecules as materials, and would be a key for understanding the role of trehalose in protecting proteins and cells against desiccation. In this study, we measured the glass transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry of dried lens tissues as a model of a whole biological tissue to know the effect of pretreatment by trehalose and other sugars. [METHODS] Isolated porcine lenses were incubated with saline, 100 or 1000 mM concentration of trehalose, maltose, or cyclic tetrasaccharide dissolved in saline at room temperature for 150 minutes. The solutions were removed and all samples were dried at room temperature in a desiccator until no weight change. The dried tissues were ground into powder and placed in a measuring pan for differential scanning calorimetry. [RESULTS] The glass transition temperature of the dried lens tissues, as a mean and standard deviation, was 63.0?}?6.4‹C (n?=?3) with saline pretreatment; 53.0?}?0.8‹C and 56.3?}?2.7‹C (n?=?3), respectively, with 100 and 1000 mM trehalose pretreatment; 56.0?}?1.6‹C and 55.8?}?1.1‹C (n?=?3), respectively, with 100 and 1000 mM maltose pretreatment; 60.0?}?8.8‹C and 59.2?}?6.3‹C (n?=?3), respectively, with 100 and 1000 mM cyclic tetrasaccharide pretreatment. The glass transition temperature appeared lower, although not significantly, with trehalose and maltose pretreatments than with saline and cyclic tetrasaccharide pretreatments (P?>?0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). The glass transition temperature of the dried lens tissues with trehalose pretreatment appeared more noticeable on the thermogram, compared with other pretreatments. [CONCLUSIONS] The glass transition temperature was measured for the first time in the dried lens tissues as an example of a whole biological tissue and might provide a basis for tissue preservation in the dried condition. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KawataTetsuhiro en-aut-sei=Kawata en-aut-mei=Tetsuhiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuoToshihiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=UchidaTetsuya en-aut-sei=Uchida en-aut-mei=Tetsuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Polymer Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering and Okayama University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology en-keyword=Trehalose kn-keyword=Trehalose en-keyword=Glass transition temperature kn-keyword=Glass transition temperature en-keyword=Lens kn-keyword=Lens en-keyword=Differential scanning calorimetry kn-keyword=Differential scanning calorimetry en-keyword=Desiccation; Maltose kn-keyword=Desiccation; Maltose en-keyword=Cyclic tetrasaccharide kn-keyword=Cyclic tetrasaccharide en-keyword=Biological tissue kn-keyword=Biological tissue en-keyword=Tissue preservation kn-keyword=Tissue preservation en-keyword=Regenerative medicine kn-keyword=Regenerative medicine END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=2 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=606 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131113 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Evaluation of rhizosphere, rhizoplane and phyllosphere bacteria and fungi isolated from rice in Kenya for plant growth promoters en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food crop in many developing countries, and is ranked third in Kenya after maize and wheat. Continuous cropping without replenishing soil nutrients is a major problem in Kenya resulting to declining soil fertility. The use of chemical fertilizers to avert the problem of low soil fertility is currently limited due to rising costs and environmental concerns. Many soil micro-organisms are able to solubilize the unavailable phosphorus, increase uptake of nitrogen and also synthesize growth promoting hormones including auxin. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phyllosphere, rhizoplane and rhizosphere micro-organisms from Kenyan rice with growth promoting habits. In this study whole plant rice samples were collected from different rice growing regions of Kenya. 76.2%, over 80% and 38.5% of the bacterial isolates were positive for phosphate solubilization, nitrogenase activity and IAA production whereas 17.5% and 5% of the fungal isolates were positive for phosphate solubilization and IAA production respectively. Hence these micro-organisms have potential for utilization as bio-fertilizers in rice production. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Rashid MwajitaMwashasha en-aut-sei=Rashid Mwajita en-aut-mei=Mwashasha kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MurageHunja en-aut-sei=Murage en-aut-mei=Hunja kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaniAkio en-aut-sei=Tani en-aut-mei=Akio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KahangiEsther M en-aut-sei=Kahangi en-aut-mei=Esther M kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Kenya Agricultural Research Institute affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Institute of Plant Science and Resources Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology en-keyword=Micro-organisms kn-keyword=Micro-organisms en-keyword=Phosphate solubilization kn-keyword=Phosphate solubilization en-keyword=Nitrogen fixation kn-keyword=Nitrogen fixation en-keyword=IAA production kn-keyword=IAA production END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=2 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=160 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130415 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Gene expression profiling of the anti-glioma effect of Cilengitide en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Cilengitide (EMD121974), an inhibitor of the adhesive function of integrins, demonstrated preclinical efficacy against malignant glioma. It is speculated that cilengitide can inhibit tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, the effects of cilengitide on these processes have not been sufficiently examined. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma effect of cilengitide using DNA microarray analysis. U87ƒ¢EGFR cells (human malignant glioma cell line) were used for this experiment. The cells were harvested after 16 h of cilengitide treatment, and mRNA was extracted. Gene expression and pathway analyses were performed using a DNA microarray (CodeLink?Human Whole Genome Bioarray). The expression of 265 genes was changed with cilengitide treatment. The expression of 214 genes was up-regulated by more than 4-fold and the expression of 51 genes was down-regulated by more than 4-fold compared to the controls. In pathway analysis, "apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins" and "TNF receptor signaling pathway" were over-represented. Apoptotic-associated genes such as caspase 8 were up-regulated. Gene expression profiling revealed more detailed mechanism of the anti-glioma effect of cilengitide. Genes associated with apoptosis were over-represented following cilengitide treatment. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OnishiManabu en-aut-sei=Onishi en-aut-mei=Manabu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KurozumiKazuhiko en-aut-sei=Kurozumi en-aut-mei=Kazuhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=IchikawaTomotsugu en-aut-sei=Ichikawa en-aut-mei=Tomotsugu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MichiueHiroyuki en-aut-sei=Michiue en-aut-mei=Hiroyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=FujiiKentaro en-aut-sei=Fujii en-aut-mei=Kentaro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=IshidaJoji en-aut-sei=Ishida en-aut-mei=Joji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShimazuYosuke en-aut-sei=Shimazu en-aut-mei=Yosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChioccaE Antonio en-aut-sei=Chiocca en-aut-mei=E Antonio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=KaurBalveen en-aut-sei=Kaur en-aut-mei=Balveen kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=DateIsao en-aut-sei=Date en-aut-mei=Isao kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences en-keyword=Glioma kn-keyword=Glioma en-keyword=Integrin kn-keyword=Integrin en-keyword=Cilengitide kn-keyword=Cilengitide en-keyword=Gene expression profiling kn-keyword=Gene expression profiling en-keyword=Apoptosis kn-keyword=Apoptosis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=166 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150407 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Clinical factors underlying a single surgery or repetitive surgeries to treat superior oblique muscle palsy en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The purpose of this study is to know clinical factors underlying either a single surgery or repetitive surgeries, required to treat superior oblique muscle palsy. Retrospective review was made on 246 consecutive patients with idiopathic (n = 212) or acquired (n = 34) superior oblique muscle palsy who underwent surgeries in 8 years at one institution. Idiopathic palsy included congenital and decompensated palsies while acquired palsy included traumatic and ischemic palsies. Clinical factors, compared between groups with a single surgery (n = 203) and two or more surgeries (n = 43), were surgical methods, sex, age at surgery, horizontal, vertical, and cyclotorsional deviations, and stereopsis at near fixation. Inferior oblique muscle recession on paretic side was chosen in about 60% of the single-surgery and repetitive-surgery group as an initial surgery, followed by inferior rectus muscle recession on non-paretic side. The age at surgery was significantly older, vertical and cyclotorsional deviations were significantly larger in the repetitive-surgery group, compared with the single-surgery group (P = 0.01, P < 0.001, P = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test, respectively). The 95% confidence interval of vertical deviations was 15-17 prism diopters in the single-surgery group and 23-28 prism diopters in the repetitive surgery group. Significant differences in vertical deviations were replicated also in subgroups of patients with either idiopathic or acquired palsy. In conclusions, the 95% confidence interval of vertical deviations, determined by alternate prism and cover test, would be used as a common benchmark for predicting either a single surgery or repetitive surgeries, required to treat idiopathic and acquired superior oblique muscle palsy, in the process of obtaining the informed consent. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=AobaKana en-aut-sei=Aoba en-aut-mei=Kana kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuoToshihiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamasakiIchiro en-aut-sei=Hamasaki en-aut-mei=Ichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HasebeKayoko en-aut-sei=Hasebe en-aut-mei=Kayoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences en-keyword=Superior oblique muscle palsy kn-keyword=Superior oblique muscle palsy en-keyword=Surgery kn-keyword=Surgery en-keyword=Inferior oblique muscle recession kn-keyword=Inferior oblique muscle recession en-keyword=Inferior rectus muscle recession kn-keyword=Inferior rectus muscle recession en-keyword=Vertical deviation kn-keyword=Vertical deviation en-keyword=Cyclotorsional deviation (torsion) kn-keyword=Cyclotorsional deviation (torsion) en-keyword=95% confidence interval kn-keyword=95% confidence interval en-keyword=Informed consent kn-keyword=Informed consent en-keyword=Repetitive surgeries; Superior rectus muscle recession kn-keyword=Repetitive surgeries; Superior rectus muscle recession END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=3 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=361 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=20140716 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Intraocular lens implantation in unilateral congenital cataract with minimal levels of persistent fetal vasculature in the first 18 months of life en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=[PURPOSE] To describe the incidence of unilateral congenital cataract associated with minimal (ultrasonically undetectable) levels of persistent fetal vasculature in the first 18 months of the life and to report surgical methods for intraocular lens implantation, using 25-gauge vitrectomy system. [METHODS] Retrospective review was made on 16 consecutive patients with bilateral or unilateral congenital cataract in the first 18 months of the life who underwent surgery at Okayama University Hospital after the introduction of the 25-gauge vitrectomy system from October 2005 to March 2013. As the standard of care at this hospital in the study period, intraocular lenses were not implanted in children with bilateral cataract while intraocular lenses were implanted in those with unilateral cataract. [RESULTS] Ten children with bilateral cataract underwent lensectomy in both eyes with a 25-gauge vitreous cutter under irrigation with a 25-gauge infusion cannula, inserted from two side ports at the corneal limbus. Six children with unilateral cataract underwent intraocular lens implantation and posterior capsulotomy after lens aspiration from limbal side ports. No patient showed vitreous abnormalities on ultrasound examinations before the surgery. At the surgery, all 10 children with bilateral cataract showed no additional abnormalities. In contrast, 3 children with unilateral cataract at the age younger than 12 months showed white fibrous tissue in the anterior vitreous integrated with the posterior lens capsule while the other 3 children with unilateral cataract at the age from 12 to 18 months did not have vitreous abnormalities. The fibrous tissue was cut together in the process of posterior capsulotomy from a 25-gauge trocar inserted at 1.5 mm posterior from the corneal limbus. [CONCLUSIONS] Unilateral congenital cataract in the first 12 months of the life has a high incidence for the association with anterior type of persistent fetal vasculature which could not be detected by preoperative ultrasound examinations. Intraocular lens implantation was technically feasible in unilateral cataract with or without minimal levels of persistent fetal vasculature in the first 18 months of the life. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MatsuoToshihiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences en-keyword=Congenital cataract kn-keyword=Congenital cataract en-keyword=Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) kn-keyword=Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) en-keyword=Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) kn-keyword=Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) en-keyword=25-Gauge vitrectomy kn-keyword=25-Gauge vitrectomy en-keyword=Surgery kn-keyword=Surgery en-keyword=Ultrasound examination kn-keyword=Ultrasound examination en-keyword=Lensectomy kn-keyword=Lensectomy en-keyword=Anterior vitrectomy kn-keyword=Anterior vitrectomy en-keyword=Posterior capsulotomy kn-keyword=Posterior capsulotomy en-keyword=Intraocular lens implantation kn-keyword=Intraocular lens implantation END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=534 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150921 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Clinical decision upon resection or observation of ocular surface dermoid lesions with the visual axis unaffected in pediatric patients en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Ocular surface or epibulbar dermoid lesions may present as limbal dermoids at the corneal limbus or dermolipomas in the conjunctival fornix. The purpose of this study is to review clinical features of ocular surface dermoids (grade I), with the visual axis unaffected, in pediatric patients, in order to find key features for making clinical decision, either resection or observation. The study involved 13 consecutive patients with limbal dermoids or fornix dermolipomas which did not affect the visual axis, seen in 11 years at a referral-based institution. Eight patients underwent surgical resection at the age, ranging from 1 to 18 (median, 4) years, with concurrent preauricular appendage resection in 3 patients. Limbal dermoids in 6 patients presented dome-shaped elevation from the ocular surface, and extended in inferotemporal quadrant for 1-2 clock hours. The remaining 2 patients showed dermolipomas in the temporal conjunctival fornix. Postoperative astigmatism at the final visit ranged from 0 to 7 (median, 2.9) diopters in 6 patients with limbal dermoids while ranged from 0 to 1 diopters in 2 patients with fornix dermolipomas. All patients with meaningful astigmatism wore glasses before and after the surgery, resulting in no apparent ametropic or anisometropic amblyopia. Observation was chosen in 5 patients with the age at initial visit, ranging from 0 to 2 (median, 1) years, and the age at the final visit, ranging from 2 to 6 (median, 3) years. Flat limbal dermoids, extending for 1-2 clock hours, were noted in 3 patients, a dome-shaped limbal dermoid for 1 clock hour in one, and a fornix dermolipoma in one. Three patients had preauricular appendages. No patient, except for one with a dome-shaped limbal dermoid, showed astigmatism, greater than one diopter. In conclusions, dome-shaped limbal dermoids were excised while flat limbal dermoids observed. The age at surgery varied largely in pediatric patients with limbal dermoids (grade I) or fornix dermolipomas which did not affect the visual axis. The surgical timing was influenced by surgical scheduling for preauricular appendage resection, determined by a plastic surgeon. Surgical decision was made for cosmetic purposes, but not for medical needs to avoid amblyopia. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MatsuoToshihiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences en-keyword=Limbal dermoid kn-keyword=Limbal dermoid en-keyword=Dermoid cyst kn-keyword=Dermoid cyst en-keyword=Dermolipoma kn-keyword=Dermolipoma en-keyword=Ocular surface kn-keyword=Ocular surface en-keyword=Conjunctival fornix kn-keyword=Conjunctival fornix en-keyword=Astigmatism kn-keyword=Astigmatism en-keyword=Clinical decision kn-keyword=Clinical decision en-keyword=Preauricular appendages or tags kn-keyword=Preauricular appendages or tags en-keyword=Amblyopia kn-keyword=Amblyopia en-keyword=Surgery kn-keyword=Surgery END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=461 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150828 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=How far is observation allowed in patients with ectopia lentis? en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Surgical timing for ectopia lentis has not been well described until now. The purpose of this study is to find a benchmark as to how far observation would be allowed in children with ectopia lentis when they and their families are reluctant to go through surgery. Retrospective review was made on 15 consecutive patients (14 children and one adult) with ectopia lentis in both eyes, seen at a referral-based institution in 5 years from April 2008 to March 2013, to survey the reasons for continuing observation or deciding surgical intervention. The diagnoses were Marfan syndrome in six patients, familial ectopia lentis in six, and sporadic ectopia lentis in three. Observation was continued in nine patients with the age at the final visit, ranging from 4 to 17 (median 9) years, because six children had good visual acuity at both near and distant viewing with glasses, and three children had visual acuity of 0.4 at near viewing despites poor visual acuity at distant viewing with glasses. In contrast, lensectomy was determined in six patients (5 children and one adult) with the age at surgery, ranging from 4 to 36 (median 9) years, and the age at the final visit, ranging from 7 to 42 (median 11) years, mainly because of poor visual acuity at near and distant viewing. More specific causes for surgeries in five children were the optical axis to become aphakic due to the progression of ectopia in the course in two children, lens dislocation to the anterior chamber after blunt eye injury in one child, and difficulty in studying at school classes in two children. One adult patient developed cataract in ectopic lenses. Lensectomy, combined with anterior vitrectomy, was done from two limbal side ports with a 25-gauge infusion cannula and vitreous cutter. Two patients at the age of 16 and 36 years, additionally, underwent intraocular lens-suturing in both eyes. In conclusions, observation was continued in children with ectopia lentis who had good visual acuity at near viewing. The visual acuity at near viewing, 0.4 or better, would give a benchmark for continuing observation in children with ectopia lentis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MatsuoToshihiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences en-keyword=Ectopia lentis kn-keyword=Ectopia lentis en-keyword=Clinical decision kn-keyword=Clinical decision en-keyword=25-gauge vitrectomy system kn-keyword=25-gauge vitrectomy system en-keyword=Lensectomy kn-keyword=Lensectomy en-keyword=Visual acuity kn-keyword=Visual acuity en-keyword=Marfan syndrome kn-keyword=Marfan syndrome en-keyword=Intraocular lens implantation kn-keyword=Intraocular lens implantation en-keyword=Observation kn-keyword=Observation en-keyword=Aphakia kn-keyword=Aphakia en-keyword=Children kn-keyword=Children END