start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol= cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=117 end-page=33 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200818 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Insights into the evolution of regulated actin dynamics via characterization of primitive gelsolin/cofilin proteins from Asgard archaea en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Asgard archaea genomes contain potential eukaryotic-like genes that provide intriguing insight for the evolution of eukaryotes. The eukaryotic actin polymerization/depolymerization cycle is critical for providing force and structure in many processes, including membrane remodeling. In general, Asgard genomes encode two classes of actin-regulating proteins from sequence analysis, profilins and gelsolins. Asgard profilins were demonstrated to regulate actin filament nucleation. Here, we identify actin filament severing, capping, annealing and bundling, and monomer sequestration activities by gelsolin proteins from Thorarchaeota (Thor), which complete a eukaryotic-like actin depolymerization cycle, and indicate complex actin cytoskeleton regulation in Asgard organisms. Thor gelsolins have homologs in other Asgard archaea and comprise one or two copies of the prototypical gelsolin domain. This appears to be a record of an initial preeukaryotic gene duplication event, since eukaryotic gelsolins are generally comprise three to six domains. X-ray structures of these proteins in complex with mammalian actin revealed similar interactions to the first domain of human gelsolin or cofilin with actin. Asgard two-domain, but not one-domain, gelsolins contain calcium-binding sites, which is manifested in calcium-controlled activities. Expression of two-domain gelsolins in mammalian cells enhanced actin filament disassembly on ionomycin-triggered calcium release. This functional demonstration, at the cellular level, provides evidence for a calcium-controlled Asgard actin cytoskeleton, indicating that the calcium-regulated actin cytoskeleton predates eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, dynamic bundled actin filaments are responsible for shaping filopodia and microvilli. By correlation, we hypothesize that the formation of the protrusions observed from Lokiarchaeota cell bodies may involve the gelsolin-regulated actin structures. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Ak?lCaner en-aut-sei=Ak?l en-aut-mei=Caner kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TranLinh T. en-aut-sei=Tran en-aut-mei=Linh T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=Orhant-PriouxMagali en-aut-sei=Orhant-Prioux en-aut-mei=Magali kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=BaskaranYohendran en-aut-sei=Baskaran en-aut-mei=Yohendran kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ManserEdward en-aut-sei=Manser en-aut-mei=Edward kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=BlanchoinLaurent en-aut-sei=Blanchoin en-aut-mei=Laurent kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RobinsonRobert C. en-aut-sei=Robinson en-aut-mei=Robert C. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=CytomorphoLab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=aInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=aInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=CytomorphoLab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=cResearch Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=actin kn-keyword=actin en-keyword=gelsolin kn-keyword=gelsolin en-keyword=Asgard archaea kn-keyword=Asgard archaea en-keyword=eukaryogenesis kn-keyword=eukaryogenesis en-keyword=X-ray crystallography kn-keyword=X-ray crystallography END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=112 cd-vols= no-issue=39 article-no= start-page=E5401 end-page=E5410 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150929 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Identification of the VERNALIZATION 4 gene reveals the origin of spring growth habit in ancient wheats from South Asia en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Wheat varieties with a winter growth habit require long exposures to low temperatures (vernalization) to accelerate flowering. Natural variation in four vernalization genes regulating this requirement has favored wheat adaptation to different environments. The first three genes (VRN1?VRN3) have been cloned and characterized before. Here we show that the fourth gene, VRN-D4, originated by the insertion of a ?290-kb region from chromosome arm 5AL into the proximal region of chromosome arm 5DS. The inserted 5AL region includes a copy of VRN-A1 that carries distinctive mutations in its coding and regulatory regions. Three lines of evidence confirmed that this gene is VRN-D4: it cosegregated with VRN-D4 in a high-density mapping population; it was expressed earlier than other VRN1 genes in the absence of vernalization; and induced mutations in this gene resulted in delayed flowering. VRN-D4 was found in most accessions of the ancient subspecies Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum from South Asia. This subspecies showed a significant reduction of genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation in the centromeric region of chromosome 5D, suggesting that VRN-D4 likely contributed to local adaptation and was favored by positive selection. Three adjacent SNPs in a regulatory region of the VRN-D4 first intron disrupt the binding of GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (TaGRP2), a known repressor of VRN1 expression. The same SNPs were identified in VRN-A1 alleles previously associated with reduced vernalization requirement. These alleles can be used to modulate vernalization requirements and to develop wheat varieties better adapted to different or changing environments. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KippesNestor en-aut-sei=Kippes en-aut-mei=Nestor kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DebernardiJuan M. en-aut-sei=Debernardi en-aut-mei=Juan M. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=Vasquez-GrossHans A. en-aut-sei=Vasquez-Gross en-aut-mei=Hans A. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkpinarBala A. en-aut-sei=Akpinar en-aut-mei=Bala A. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=BudakHikment en-aut-sei=Budak en-aut-mei=Hikment kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KatoKenji en-aut-sei=Kato en-aut-mei=Kenji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChaoShiaoman en-aut-sei=Chao en-aut-mei=Shiaoman kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkhunovEduard en-aut-sei=Akhunov en-aut-mei=Eduard kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=DubcovskyJorge en-aut-sei=Dubcovsky en-aut-mei=Jorge kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Plant Sciences, University of California affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Plant Sciences, University of California affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Plant Sciences, University of California affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Biosciences Research Lab, US Department of Agriculture?Agricultural Research Service affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Plant Sciences, University of California en-keyword=wheat kn-keyword=wheat en-keyword=flowering kn-keyword=flowering en-keyword=vernalization kn-keyword=vernalization en-keyword=VRN1 kn-keyword=VRN1 en-keyword=Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum kn-keyword=Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=112 cd-vols= no-issue=27 article-no= start-page=8221 end-page=8226 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150707 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Solid-liquid critical behavior of water in nanopores en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Nanoconfined liquid water can transform into low-dimensional ices whose crystalline structures are dissimilar to any bulk ices and whose melting point may significantly rise with reducing the pore size, as revealed by computer simulation and confirmed by experiment. One of the intriguing, and as yet unresolved, questions concerns the observation that the liquid water may transform into a low-dimensional ice either via a first-order phase change or without any discontinuity in thermodynamic and dynamic properties, which suggests the existence of solid?liquid critical points in this class of nanoconfined systems. Here we explore the phase behavior of a model of water in carbon nanotubes in the temperature?pressure?diameter space by molecular dynamics simulation and provide unambiguous evidence to support solid?liquid critical phenomena of nanoconfined water. Solid?liquid first-order phase boundaries are determined by tracing spontaneous phase separation at various temperatures. All of the boundaries eventually cease to exist at the critical points and there appear loci of response function maxima, or the Widom lines, extending to the supercritical region. The finite-size scaling analysis of the density distribution supports the presence of both first-order and continuous phase changes between solid and liquid. At around the Widom line, there are microscopic domains of two phases, and continuous solid?liquid phase changes occur in such a way that the domains of one phase grow and those of the other evanesce as the thermodynamic state departs from the Widom line. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MochizukiKenji en-aut-sei=Mochizuki en-aut-mei=Kenji kn-aut-name=望月建爾 kn-aut-sei=望月 kn-aut-mei=建爾 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KogaKenichiro en-aut-sei=Koga en-aut-mei=Kenichiro kn-aut-name=甲賀研一郎 kn-aut-sei=甲賀 kn-aut-mei=研一郎 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 en-keyword=water kn-keyword=water en-keyword=solid?liquid critical point kn-keyword=solid?liquid critical point en-keyword=carbon nanotube kn-keyword=carbon nanotube en-keyword=ice kn-keyword=ice en-keyword=Widom line kn-keyword=Widom line END