start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=10
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=93854
end-page=93866
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2022
dt-pub=2022
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Effectiveness of Tactile Warning and Voice Command for Enhancing Safety of Drivers
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=Safety is impaired when drivers are required to perform main driving task (tracking of own car, distance maintenance between own car and a leading car, and response to target objects) and secondary task simultaneously, for example, responding to target cars on the road while operating in-vehicle equipment. A two-factor (presence or absence of tactile warning by input modality (no secondary task, voice command for a secondary task, and manual input for a secondary task)) within-subject design of ten licensed males was used to investigate how to compensate for safety impairments (decreased performance of a main and a secondary task such as increased tracking error during driving or increased reaction time to target cars on the road). We investigated whether the use of tactile warnings transmitted via left and right thighs for detecting road objects and voice command to operate in-vehicle equipment could compensate for safety impairments such as the increased reaction time to target cars on the road, the increase of detection error of target cars, or increased tracking error in driving. The accuracy and speed of responses to target cars encountered during driving were reduced when a driver was asked to perform the main and the secondary task simultaneously compared to situations performing only the main driving task (tracking, distance maintenance, and response to target cars). The availability of a tactile warning system for road objects compensated for these diminished performance measures, including slower response times and the increased detection error of target cars. Likewise, voice command contributed to enhanced performance of the main driving task such as decrease of tracking error.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=MurataAtsuo
en-aut-sei=Murata
en-aut-mei=Atsuo
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=DoiToshihisa
en-aut-sei=Doi
en-aut-mei=Toshihisa
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KarwowskiWaldemar
en-aut-sei=Karwowski
en-aut-mei=Waldemar
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name= (Life Senior Member, IEEE)
en-aut-sei= (Life Senior Member, IEEE)
en-aut-mei=
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=

affil-num=2
en-affil=Department of Living Environment Design, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University
kn-affil=

affil-num=3
en-affil=Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida
kn-affil=

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=
en-keyword=Haptic interfaces
kn-keyword=Haptic interfaces
en-keyword=Interference
kn-keyword=Interference
en-keyword=Visualization
kn-keyword=Visualization
en-keyword=Graphical user interfaces
kn-keyword=Graphical user interfaces
en-keyword=Target tracking
kn-keyword=Target tracking
en-keyword=Intelligent vehicles
kn-keyword=Intelligent vehicles
en-keyword=Vehicle safety
kn-keyword=Vehicle safety
en-keyword=Speech recognition
kn-keyword=Speech recognition
en-keyword=Automotive safety
kn-keyword=Automotive safety
en-keyword=interference of multiple tasks
kn-keyword=interference of multiple tasks
en-keyword=tactile warning
kn-keyword=tactile warning
en-keyword=voice command
kn-keyword=voice command
END