start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=50 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=291 end-page=301 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2025 dt-pub=20250307 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Penis Length and Circumference According to WHO Regions: Who has the Biggest One? en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of stretched, erect, and flaccid penis length as well as circumference according to geographic WHO regions. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched for articles published until February 2024. Studies in which a healthcare professional evaluated the penis size were considered eligible. After assessing the risk of bias, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis statement, and the outcomes were grouped based on the WHO regions. A total of 33 studies comprising 36 883 patients were included. The risk of bias in the included studies was moderate/low. A comprehensive systematic review was done and meta-analyses performed for flaccid length [n = 28 201, mean (SE) 9.22 (0.24) cm], stretched length [n = 20 814, mean (SE) 12.84 (0.32) cm], erect length [n = 5669, mean (SE) 13.84 (0.94) cm], flaccid circumference [n = 30 117, mean (SE) 9.10 (0.12) cm], and erect circumference [n = 5168, mean (SE) 11.91 (0.18) cm]. The mean length of the stretched penis was largest in Americans [14.47 (0.90) cm]. The mean length of the flaccid penis was the largest in the Americas [10.98 (0.064) cm]. The mean flaccid penile circumference was largest in Americans [n = 29 714, mean (SE) 10.00 (0.04) cm]. Penis sizes vary across WHO regions, suggesting the need to adjust standards according to geography to better understand councilmen and their partners. These data provide a framework for discussing body image expectations and therapeutic strategies in this sensitive and emotional subject matter. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MostafaeiHadi en-aut-sei=Mostafaei en-aut-mei=Hadi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MoriKeiichiro en-aut-sei=Mori en-aut-mei=Keiichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KatayamaSatoshi en-aut-sei=Katayama en-aut-mei=Satoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=QuhalFahad en-aut-sei=Quhal en-aut-mei=Fahad kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=PradereBenjamin en-aut-sei=Pradere en-aut-mei=Benjamin kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=YanagisawaTakafumi en-aut-sei=Yanagisawa en-aut-mei=Takafumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=LaukhtinaEkaterina en-aut-sei=Laukhtina en-aut-mei=Ekaterina kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=KönigFrederik en-aut-sei=König en-aut-mei=Frederik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=MotlaghReza Sari en-aut-sei=Motlagh en-aut-mei=Reza Sari kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajwaPawel en-aut-sei=Rajwa en-aut-mei=Pawel kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=Salehi-PourmehrHanieh en-aut-sei=Salehi-Pourmehr en-aut-mei=Hanieh kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=HajebrahimiSakineh en-aut-sei=Hajebrahimi en-aut-mei=Sakineh kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShariatShahrokh F. en-aut-sei=Shariat en-aut-mei=Shahrokh F. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Urology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna kn-affil= en-keyword=Penis kn-keyword=Penis en-keyword=length kn-keyword=length en-keyword=circumference kn-keyword=circumference en-keyword=world health organization kn-keyword=world health organization END