start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=19 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=173 end-page=180 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=201302 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Culture-independent real-time PCR reveals extensive polymicrobial infections in hospitalized diarrhoea cases in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Culture-independent identification of diarrhoeal aetiological agents was performed using DNA harvested from diarrhoeal stool specimens with SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR targeting Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp. and three different pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. Conventional culture-dependent methods detected bacterial enteropathogens in 68 of 122 diarrhoeal stool specimens. Of 68 specimens, 59 (86.8%) had a single pathogen and the remaining nine (13.2%) had polymicrobial infections with multiple pathogens. Re-analysis of the 68 specimens by culture-independent real-time PCR methods showed that 25 (36.8%) specimens contained single pathogen and 43 (63.2%) specimens contained mixed infections with multiple pathogens. The prevalence of such high levels of polymicrobial infections would not have been detected without using real-time PCR. Culture-dependent analysis assigned 54 of the 122 selected archived specimens as 'no known aetiology'. However, re-analysis of these samples by real-time PCR showed the presence of single or multiple pathogens among 34 (63%) of these specimens. Estimation of relative pathogen load by real-time PCR in the stool specimens indicated that the inability of conventional culture-dependent methods to detect the pathogens was related to lower colony-forming units of the pathogen, as reflected by lower C(t) values. Detection of high levels of polymicrobial infection by real-time PCR indicates that in the settings like Kolkata and its surroundings, where cholera and other enteric diseases are endemic, the concept of one pathogen one disease might need to be re-evaluated. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SinhaA. en-aut-sei=Sinha en-aut-mei=A. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SenGuptaS. en-aut-sei=SenGupta en-aut-mei=S. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GuinS. en-aut-sei=Guin en-aut-mei=S. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaS. en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=S. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshS. en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=S. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukherjeeP. en-aut-sei=Mukherjee en-aut-mei=P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayA. K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=A. K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaY. en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Y. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=KurakawaT. en-aut-sei=Kurakawa en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=NomotoK. en-aut-sei=Nomoto en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. B. en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. B. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=NandyR. K. en-aut-sei=Nandy en-aut-mei=R. K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, NICED kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= en-keyword=Real-time PCR kn-keyword=Real-time PCR en-keyword=Diarrhoea kn-keyword=Diarrhoea en-keyword=Polymicrobial infection kn-keyword=Polymicrobial infection END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=52 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=1020 end-page=1021 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=201403 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Haitian variant tcpA in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshPriyanka en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Priyanka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=NahaArindam en-aut-sei=Naha en-aut-mei=Arindam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=BasakSurajit en-aut-sei=Basak en-aut-mei=Surajit kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KoleyHemanta en-aut-sei=Koley en-aut-mei=Hemanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=K NandyRanjan en-aut-sei=K Nandy en-aut-mei=Ranjan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeHaruo en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Haruo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) kn-affil= en-keyword=Cholera kn-keyword=Cholera en-keyword=Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=Vibrio cholerae en-keyword= tcpA kn-keyword= tcpA en-keyword=El Tor kn-keyword=El Tor END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=51 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=1040 end-page=1045 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=201303 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Molecular Characterization of High-Level-Cholera-Toxin-Producing El Tor Variant Vibrio cholerae Strains in the Zanzibar Archipelago of Tanzania en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Analysis of 1,180 diarrheal stool samples in Zanzibar detected 247 Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa strains in 2009. Phenotypic traits and PCR-based detection of rstR, rtxC, and tcpA alleles showed that they belonged to the El Tor biotype. Genetic analysis of ctxB of these strains revealed that they were classical type, and production of classical cholera toxin B (CTB) was confirmed by Western blotting. These strains produced more CT than the prototype El Tor and formed a separate cluster by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NahaA. en-aut-sei=Naha en-aut-mei=A. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryG. en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=G. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=Ghosh-BanerjeeJ. en-aut-sei=Ghosh-Banerjee en-aut-mei=J. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SenohM. en-aut-sei=Senoh en-aut-mei=M. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakahashiT. en-aut-sei=Takahashi en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=LeyB. en-aut-sei=Ley en-aut-mei=B. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ThriemerK. en-aut-sei=Thriemer en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=DeenJ. en-aut-sei=Deen en-aut-mei=J. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=SeidleinL. V. en-aut-sei=Seidlein en-aut-mei=L. V. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=AliS. M. en-aut-sei=Ali en-aut-mei=S. M. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=KhatibA. en-aut-sei=Khatib en-aut-mei=A. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=NandyR. K. en-aut-sei=Nandy en-aut-mei=R. K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. B. en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. B. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=14 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaY. en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Y. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=15 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayA. K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=A. K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=16 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=The International Vaccine Institute kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=The International Vaccine Institute kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=The International Vaccine Institute kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Menzies School of Health Research kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Ministry of Health and Social Welfare kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Ministry of Health and Social Welfare kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=14 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=15 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, kn-affil= affil-num=16 en-affil=1National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=Vibrio cholerae en-keyword=ctxB kn-keyword=ctxB en-keyword=Cholera kn-keyword=Cholera en-keyword=PFGE kn-keyword=PFGE END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=54 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=47 end-page=53 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=201710 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains that trace the origin of Haitian-like genetic traits en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio cholerae O1 is the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. The bacterium has recently been causing outbreaks in Haiti with catastrophic effects. Numerous mutations have been reported in V. cholerae O1 strains associated with the Haitian outbreak. These mutations encompass among other the genes encoding virulence factors such as the pilin subunit of the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcpA), cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB), repeat in toxins (rtxA), and other genes such as the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrase A (gyrA), rstB of RS element along with the alteration in the number of repeat sequences at the promoter region of ctxAB. Given the numerous genetic changes in those Haitian isolates, we decided to investigate the possible origins of those variations in the Indian subcontinent. Thus, we determined the genetic traits among V. cholerae O1 strains in Delhi, India. A total of 175 strains isolated from cholera patients during 2004 to 2012 were analysed in the present study. Our results showed that all the tested strains carried Haitian type tcpA (tcpACIRS) and variant gyrA indicating their first appearance before 2004 in Delhi. The Haitian variant rtxA and ctxB7 were first detected in Delhi during 2004 and 2006, respectively. Interestingly, not a single strain with the combination of El Tor rtxA and ctxB7 was detected in this study. The Delhi strains carried four heptad repeats (TTTTGAT) in the CT promoter region whereas Haitian strains carried 5 such repeats. Delhi strains did not have any deletion mutations in the rstB like Haitian strains. Overall, our study demonstrates the sequential accumulation of Haitian-like genetic traits among V. cholerae O1 strains in Delhi at different time points prior to the Haitian cholera outbreak. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshPriyanka en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Priyanka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KumarDhirendra en-aut-sei=Kumar en-aut-mei=Dhirendra kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SinghPuneeta en-aut-sei=Singh en-aut-mei=Puneeta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=SamantaProsenjit en-aut-sei=Samanta en-aut-mei=Prosenjit kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaShanta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Shanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=SharmaN. C. en-aut-sei=Sharma en-aut-mei=N. C. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=SinhaPreety en-aut-sei=Sinha en-aut-mei=Preety kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=PrasadYogendra en-aut-sei=Prasad en-aut-mei=Yogendra kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Department of Zoology, A.N. College kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Department of Animal Science, MJP Rohilkhand University kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Cholera kn-keyword=Cholera en-keyword=Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=Vibrio cholerae en-keyword=ctxAB promoter kn-keyword=ctxAB promoter en-keyword=ctxB kn-keyword=ctxB en-keyword=gyrA kn-keyword=gyrA en-keyword=rstB kn-keyword=rstB en-keyword=rtxA kn-keyword=rtxA en-keyword=tcpA kn-keyword=tcpA END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=30 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=681 end-page=691 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=201402 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Effects of temperature, growth phase and luxO-disruption on regulation systems of toxin production in Vibrio vulnificus strain L-180, a human clinical isolate en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium while it causes fatal septicemia or necrotizing wound infections in humans. This pathogen secretes the metalloprotease (V. vulnificus protease: VVP) and the cytolysin (V. vulnificus hemolysin: VVH) as protein toxins; however, their production was coordinated in response to the bacterial cell density. This regulation is termed quorum sensing (QS) and is mediated by the small diffusible molecule called autoinducer 2 (AI-2). In the present study, we investigated effects of disruption of luxO encoding a central response regulator of the QS circuit, as well as effects of temperature and growth phase, on the toxin production by V. vulnificus. Disruption of luxO was found to increase VVP production and expression of its gene vvpE. The expression of smcR, crp and rpoS, of which products positively regulate vvpE expression, and luxS encoding the AI-2 synthetase were also significantly increased. On the other hand, the luxO disruption resulted in reduction of VVH production and expression of its gene vvhA. Expression of other two genes affecting the QS circuit, luxT and rpoN, were also significantly decreased. The regulation systems of VVP production were found to exert their action during the stationary phase of the bacterial growth and to be operated strongly at 26 °C. By contrast, those of VVH production apparently started at the log phase and were operated more effectively at 37 °C. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ElgamlAbdelaziz en-aut-sei=Elgaml en-aut-mei=Abdelaziz kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=HigakiKazutaka en-aut-sei=Higaki en-aut-mei=Kazutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus kn-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus en-keyword=Metalloprotease kn-keyword=Metalloprotease en-keyword=Hemolysin kn-keyword=Hemolysin en-keyword=Quorum sensing kn-keyword=Quorum sensing en-keyword=Autoinducer kn-keyword=Autoinducer END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=59 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=305 end-page=310 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150209 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Stepwise changes in viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae cells en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Many bacterial species are known to become viable but nonculturable (VBNC) under conditions that are unsuitable for growth. In this study, the requirements for resuscitation of VBNC-state Vibrio cholerae cells were found to change over time. Although VBNC cells could initially be converted to culturable by treatment with catalase or HT-29 cell extract, they subsequently entered a state that was not convertible to culturable by these factors. However, fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of live cells in this state, from which VBNC cells were resuscitated by co-cultivation with HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Ultimately, all cells entered a state from which they could not be resuscitated, even by co-cultivation with HT-29. These characteristic changes in VBNC-state cells were a common feature of strains in both V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups. Thus, the VBNC state of V. cholerae is not a single property but continues to change over time. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ImamuraDaisuke en-aut-sei=Imamura en-aut-mei=Daisuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin‐ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin‐ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=Vibrio cholerae en-keyword=resuscitation kn-keyword=resuscitation en-keyword=viable but nonculturable kn-keyword=viable but nonculturable END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=56 cd-vols= no-issue=10 article-no= start-page=1051 end-page=1058 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=20160510 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Regulation of Vibrio mimicus metalloprotease (VMP) production by the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein, LuxR en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio mimicus is an estuarine bacterium, while it can cause severe diarrhea, wound infection, and otitis media in humans. This pathogen secretes a relatively important toxin named V. mimicus metalloprotease (VMP). In this study, we clarified regulation of the VMP production according to the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein named LuxR. First, the full length of luxR gene, encoding LuxR, was detected in V. mimicus strain E-37, an environmental isolate. Next, the putative consensus binding sequence of LuxR protein could be detected in the upstream (promoter) region of VMP encoding gene, vmp. Finally, the effect of disruption of luxR gene on the expression of vmp and production of VMP was evaluated. Namely, the expression of vmp was significantly diminished by luxR disruption and the production of VMP was severely altered. Taken together, here we report that VMP production is under the positive regulation of the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein, LuxR. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Abdel‐SattarEl‐Shaymaa en-aut-sei=Abdel‐Sattar en-aut-mei=El‐Shaymaa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=Miyoshi Shin‐ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei= Shin‐ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ElgamlAbdelaziz en-aut-sei=Elgaml en-aut-mei=Abdelaziz kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=LuxR protein kn-keyword=LuxR protein en-keyword=Metalloprotease kn-keyword=Metalloprotease en-keyword=Quorum-sensing kn-keyword=Quorum-sensing en-keyword=Vibrio mimicus kn-keyword=Vibrio mimicus END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=10 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=338 end-page=342 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130408 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Isolation and characterization of pandemic and nonpandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from an outbreak of diarrhea in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Strains of the enteric pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring the thermostable hemolysin (TDH) encoding gene tdh is known to cause epidemic and pandemic diarrhea. In industrialized countries, this pathogen causes sporadic or outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with consumption of raw or improperly cooked seafood. This report describes a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus in June 2011 following consumption of food served at a funeral reception held at Habra, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. About 650 people attended the function, of whom 44 had acute watery diarrhea with other clinical symptoms; 35 of them were admitted to the District Hospital for the rehydration treatment. Stool specimens collected from three hospitalized cases were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, of which two strains were identified as an O4:K8 serovar and one was identified as O3:K6 serovar. The O3:K6 strain also possessed the pandemic group-specific toxRS gene target (GS), whereas the O4:K8 strains were negative. All strains were polymerase chain reaction-positive for tdh but were polymerase chain reaction-negative for trh. All of the strains were resistant to ampicillin but were pansensitive to other antimicrobials tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis using NotI showed that the O3:K6 strain was similar to that of a recent clinical strain from Kolkata, but had diverged from other strains during previous years. In contrast, PFGE analysis showed that the O4:K8 strains were closely related but differed from the Kolkata strain. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniGururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=PaulBimal K. en-aut-sei=Paul en-aut-mei=Bimal K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MajiDipankar en-aut-sei=Maji en-aut-mei=Dipankar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Directorate of Health Services kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Directorate of Health Services kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Diarrhea kn-keyword=Diarrhea en-keyword=V. parahaemolyticus kn-keyword=V. parahaemolyticus en-keyword=Serovar kn-keyword=Serovar en-keyword=GS-PCR kn-keyword=GS-PCR en-keyword=PFGE kn-keyword=PFGE END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=10 cd-vols= no-issue=10 article-no= start-page=904 end-page=906 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130925 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=An outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by dual pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden and Vibrio fluvialis in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden and Vibrio fluvialis were identified as etiological agents of a foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak after an Iftar feast in North Dumdum. Of the 278 cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata, 44 stool samples were tested for the enteric pathogens. Six were positive for Salmonella Weltevreden, 5 for Vibrio fluvialis, and 8 contained both of the pathogens. Consumption of mutton-ghogni might have been the likely vehicle of this outbreak. In the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Salmonella Weltevreden was identified as a single clone but the V. fluvialis strains were heterogeneous. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=Sarkar Anirban en-aut-sei=Sarkar en-aut-mei= Anirban kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniGururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K. en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Diarrhoea kn-keyword=Diarrhoea en-keyword=S. Weltevredan kn-keyword=S. Weltevredan en-keyword=V. fluvialis kn-keyword=V. fluvialis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=306 cd-vols= no-issue=8 article-no= start-page=657 end-page=665 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=201612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Role of a sensor histidine kinase ChiS of Vibrio cholerae in pathogenesis en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio cholera survival in an aquatic environment depends on chitin utilization pathway that requires two factors, chitin binding protein and chitinases. The chitinases and the chitin utilization pathway are regulated by a two-component sensor histidine kinase ChiS in V. cholerae. In recent studies these two factors are also shown to be involved in V. cholerae pathogenesis. However, the role played by their upstream regulator ChiS in pathogenesis is yet to be known. In this study, we investigated the activation of ChiS in presence of mucin and its functional role in pathogenesis. We found ChiS is activated in mucin supplemented media. The isogenic chiS mutant (ChiS-) showed less growth compared to the wild type strain (ChiS+) in the presence of mucin supplemented media. The ChiS- strain also showed highly retarded motility as well as mucin layer penetration in vitro. Our result also showed that ChiS was important for adherence and survival in HT-29 cell. These observations indicate that ChiS is activated in presence of intestinal mucin and subsequently switch on the chitin utilization pathway. In animal models, our results also supported the in vitro observation. We found reduced fluid accumulation and colonization during infection with ChiS- strain. We also found ChiS- mutant with reduced expression of ctxA, toxT and tcpA. The cumulative effect of these events made V. cholerae ChiS- strain hypovirulent. Hence, we propose that ChiS plays a vital role in V. cholerae pathogenesis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChourashiRhishita en-aut-sei=Chourashi en-aut-mei=Rhishita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MondalMoumita en-aut-sei=Mondal en-aut-mei=Moumita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SinhaRitam en-aut-sei=Sinha en-aut-mei=Ritam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DebnathAnusuya en-aut-sei=Debnath en-aut-mei=Anusuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasSuman en-aut-sei=Das en-aut-mei=Suman kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KoleyHemanta en-aut-sei=Koley en-aut-mei=Hemanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=Sekhar ChatterjeeaNabendu en-aut-sei=Sekhar Chatterjeea en-aut-mei=Nabendu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=ChiS kn-keyword=ChiS en-keyword=Mucin kn-keyword=Mucin en-keyword=Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=Vibrio cholerae en-keyword=Virulence kn-keyword=Virulence END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=20 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=263 end-page=274 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=2015 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Role of the Histone-Like Nucleoid Structuring Protein (H-NS) in the Regulation of Virulence Factor Expression and Stress Response in Vibrio vulnificus en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Temperature is one of the important parameters regulating the expression of virulence factors in bacteria. The global regulator, a histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), is known to play a crucial role in this regulation. In the present study, we first clarified the role of H-NS in the temperature-dependent regulation of virulence factor production in Vibrio vulnificus, including that of the cytolytic toxin (V. vulnificus hemolysin: VVH) and the proteolytic enzyme (V. vulnificus protease: VVP). The expression of hns itself was subjected to temperature regulation, where hns was expressed more at 26℃ than at 37℃. VVH production and the expression of its gene vvhA were increased by disruption of the hns gene. H-NS appeared to affect the vvhA expression by the well-documented transcriptional silencing mechanism. On the other hand, hns disruption resulted in the reduction of VVP production and the expression of its gene vvpE. H-NS was suggested to positively regulate vvpE expression through the increase in the level of the rpoS mRNA. Moreover, H-NS was found to contribute to the survival of V. vulnificus in stressful environments. When compared to the wild type strain, the hns mutant exhibited reduced survival rates when subjected to acidic pH, hyperosmotic and oxidative stress. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ElgamlAbdelaziz en-aut-sei=Elgaml en-aut-mei=Abdelaziz kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus kn-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus en-keyword=Temperature kn-keyword=Temperature en-keyword=H-NS kn-keyword=H-NS en-keyword=Hemolysin kn-keyword=Hemolysin en-keyword=Metalloprotease kn-keyword=Metalloprotease en-keyword=Stress response kn-keyword=Stress response END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=20 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=199 end-page=203 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=2015 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Presence of Nitric Oxide-Sensing Systems in the Human Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium, but this species causes fatal septicemia in humans. V. vulnificus may encounter many kinds of stresses either in the natural environment or in the human body. One of the striking stresses is the exposure to the reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide (NO). The present study revealed that NO could participate in the regulation of the V. vulnificus community behavior. When the bacterium was cultivated in the presence of sub-lethal doses of an NO donor, the expression of the genes encoding NO-detoxifying enzymes was significantly increased. The NO donor was also found to cause significant increase in production of a metalloprotease, a putative virulence factor, by the bacterium. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ElgamlAbdelaziz en-aut-sei=Elgaml en-aut-mei=Abdelaziz kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus kn-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus en-keyword=Nitric oxide kn-keyword=Nitric oxide en-keyword=Oxidative stress kn-keyword=Oxidative stress en-keyword=Detoxification kn-keyword=Detoxification END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=5 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=36 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131203 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Inflammatory diarrhea due to enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: evidence from clinical and mice model studies en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background  This study was conducted to determine the role of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in inflammatory diarrhea among hospitalized patients in Kolkata. The inflammatory pathogenesis of EAEC was established in mice model and histopathological studies. Presence of fecal leucocytes (FLCs) can be suspected for EAEC infection solely or as a mixed with other enteric pathogens.  Methods  Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on 2 random days per week with every 5th patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH). Diarrheal samples were processed by conventional culture, microscopy, ELISA and molecular methods. Two EAEC isolated as sole pathogens were examined in mice after induced intestinal infection. The intestinal tissue samples were processed to analyze the histological changes.  Results  Of the 2519 samples screened, fecal leucocytes, erythrocytes and occult blood were detected in 1629 samples. Most of the patients had acute watery diarrhea (75%) and vomiting (78%). Vibrio cholerae O1 was the main pathogen in patients of 5–10 years age group (33%). Shigellosis was more in children from 2–5 years of age (19%), whereas children <2 years appeared to be susceptible for infection caused by EAEC (16%). When tested for the pathogenicity, the EAEC strains colonized well and caused inflammatory infection in the gut mucosa of BALB/C mice.  Conclusion  This hospital-based surveillance revealed prevalence of large number of inflammatory diarrhea. EAEC was the suspected pathogen and <2 years children appeared to be the most susceptible age group. BALB/C mice may be a suitable animal model to study the EAEC-mediated pathogenesis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Dhira Rani Saha en-aut-sei=Dhira Rani Saha en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GuinSucharita en-aut-sei=Guin en-aut-mei=Sucharita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KrishnanRajendran en-aut-sei=Krishnan en-aut-mei=Rajendran kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagDhrubajyoti en-aut-sei=Nag en-aut-mei=Dhrubajyoti kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KoleyHemanta en-aut-sei=Koley en-aut-mei=Hemanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Histology & Electron microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Bacteriol kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Data Management kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Bacteriol kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Bacteriol kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Okayama Univ Infect Dis India, Collaborat Res Ctr kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Bacteriol kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=3 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=190 end-page=197 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130322 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Multi-locus Genotyping Reveals High Occurrence of Mixed Assemblages in Giardia duodenalis within a Limited Geographical Boundary en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Aim:  To determine the common genotypes of Giardia duodenalis causing diarrhea in the study region and to assess the extent of genetic polymorphism among them.  Study Design:  Stool samples were collected from the patients attending IDBG Hospital, Kolkata with diarrheal complaints through a systemic sampling technique and were screened for Giardia duodenalis. The G. duodenalis positive samples were subjected to molecular genotyping through ‘PCR - Direct DNA sequencing’ procedure. All the sequence data obtained were incorporated into MEGA 4 software for multiple alignment and validation followed by phylogenetic analysis. The genotyping data obtained are stored in Excel spreadsheets and incorporated into EpiInfo 3.1 for analyzing possible association of genotype outcome with common physical factors such as age, sex etc.  Place and Duration of Study:  Department of parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India from July 2009 to November 2011.  Methodology:  A total of 68 Giardia duodenalis positive stool samples were identified from the diarrhea patients attending IDBG hospital in the city and were subjected to multi-locus genotyping. Fragments of ß-giardin, Glutamate-dehydrogenase and Triosephosphate-isomerase genes of Giardia were amplified from those samples with specific primers and sequenced. All the sequences were analyzed using MEGA 4 software for obtaining the genotyping results. Results: Multi-locus genotyping identified 13 isolates as assemblage A and 41 as assemblage B, whereas 14 of them could not be assigned in a particular group. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed that multiple genotypes were observed in those 14 isolates depending upon the marker loci.  Conclusion:  The study could produce a preliminary idea about the G. duodenalis genotypes found in Kolkata city. High percentage of mixed assemblages in the study population also revealed the presence of genetic diversity among a small population of diarrheal patient within a limited geographical boundary. It has also hypothesized the possibility of inter-assemblage genetic exchange among Giardia. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MukherjeeAvik Kumar en-aut-sei=Mukherjee en-aut-mei=Avik Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarmakarSumallya en-aut-sei=Karmakar en-aut-mei=Sumallya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajDibyendu en-aut-sei=Raj en-aut-mei=Dibyendu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Giardia kn-keyword=Giardia en-keyword=genotyping kn-keyword=genotyping en-keyword=mixed assemblages kn-keyword=mixed assemblages en-keyword=local isolates kn-keyword=local isolates END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=8 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=e56068 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130214 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Trends in the prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=BACKGROUND:  To analyse the trends in the prevalence of different pathogroups of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) among hospitalized acute diarrheal patients.  METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:  From the active surveillance of diarrheal disease at the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata, 3826 stool specimens collected during 2008-2011 were screened for DEC and other enteric pathogens. PCR was used in the detection of enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic and enteroaggregative E. coli and 10 major colonization factor antigens (CFs) of enterotoxigenic E. coli. The relationship between DEC infected patient's age group and clinical symptoms were also investigated. Multiplex PCR assay showed that the prevalence of EAEC was most common (5.7%) followed by ETEC (4.2%) and EPEC (1.8%). In diarrheal children >2 year of age, EAEC and EPEC were detected significantly (p = 0.000 and 0.007, respectively). In children >2 to 5 and >5 to 14 years, ETEC was significantly associated with diarrhea (p = 0.000 each). EAEC was significantly associated with diarrheal patients with age groups >14 to 30 and >30 to 50 years (p = 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). Clinical symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, were recorded in patients infected with ETEC. Dehydration status was severe among patients infected by ST-ETEC (19%) and EPEC (15%). CS6 was frequently detected (37%) among ETEC.  CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:  Hospital based surveillance reviled that specific pathogroups of DEC are important to certain age groups and among ETEC, CS6 was predominant. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DuttaSanjucta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Sanjucta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GuinSucharita en-aut-sei=Guin en-aut-mei=Sucharita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniGururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranKrishnan en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=Krishnan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K. en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Clinical Division, Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Clinical Division, Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National, Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=19 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=464 end-page=467 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=201303 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 serogroups and cholera-like diarrhea, Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= We identified 281 Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains from patients with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. Cholera-like diarrhea was the major symptom (66.0%); some patients (20.3%) had severe dehydration. These strains lacked the ctxA gene but many had hlyA, rtxA, and rtxC genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed no genetic link among strains. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=DuttaDevarati en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Devarati kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniGururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GuinSucharita en-aut-sei=Guin en-aut-mei=Sucharita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaSanjucta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Sanjucta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranK. en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=NandyRanjan K. en-aut-sei=Nandy en-aut-mei=Ranjan K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K. en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=MitraUtpala en-aut-sei=Mitra en-aut-mei=Utpala kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=14 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=14 en-affil=ational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=2 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=178 end-page=184 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=2013 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=THE SPLICEOSOMAL PROTEIN SnRNP F BINDS TO BOTH U3 AND U14 CLASS OF snoRNA IN Giardia lamblia en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Small nuclear Ribonucleo Protein F (snRNP F) is a spliceosomal protein that binds with U1, U2, U4/U6 and U5 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) to form spliceosomal complexes responsible for pre mRNA processing. This study reports the unusual interaction of giardial snRNP F with small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) that are responsible for pre rRNA processing. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay was used to demonstrate the interaction of this protein with U3 and U14 class snoRNA of the early branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia. It was also evident from our study that snRNP F in Giardia is evolutionary distinct from its other eukaryotic orthologues. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshArjun en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Arjun kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KarmakarSumallya en-aut-sei=Karmakar en-aut-mei=Sumallya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukherjeeAvik K. en-aut-sei=Mukherjee en-aut-mei=Avik K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajDibyendu en-aut-sei=Raj en-aut-mei=Dibyendu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasKoushik en-aut-sei=Das en-aut-mei=Koushik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SarkarSrimanti en-aut-sei=Sarkar en-aut-mei=Srimanti kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=NozakiT. en-aut-sei=Nozaki en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil= Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan and Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil= Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Giardia lamblia kn-keyword=Giardia lamblia en-keyword=snRNA kn-keyword=snRNA en-keyword=snoRNA kn-keyword=snoRNA en-keyword= U3 kn-keyword= U3 en-keyword=U14 kn-keyword=U14 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=32 cd-vols= no-issue=supplment 1 article-no= start-page=A20 end-page=A28 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=20140811 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Hospital based surveillance and genetic characterization of rotavirus strains in children (<5 years) with acute gastroenteritis in Kolkata, India, revealed resurgence of G9 and G2 genotypes during 2011-2013 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=INTRODUCTION:  India accounts for an estimated 457,000-884,000 hospitalizations and 2 million outpatient visits for diarrhea. In spite of the huge burden of rotavirus (RV) disease, RV vaccines have not been introduced in national immunization programme of India. Therefore, continuous surveillance for prevalence and monitoring of the circulating genotypes is needed to assess the disease burden prior to introduction of vaccines in this region.  METHODS:  During January 2011 through December 2013, 830 and 1000 stool samples were collected from hospitalized and out-patient department (OPD) patients, respectively, in two hospitals in Kolkata, Eastern India. After primary screening, the G-P typing was done by multiplex semi-nested PCR using type specific primers followed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis for the VP7 gene of 25 representative strains was done.  RESULTS:  Among hospitalized and OPD patients, 53.4% and 47.5% cases were positive for rotaviruses, respectively. Unlike previous studies where G1 was predominant, in hospitalized cases G9 rotavirus strains were most prevalent (40%), followed by G2 (39.6%) whereas G1 and G12 occurred at 16.4% and 5.6% frequency. In OPD cases, the most prevalent strain was G2 (40.3%), followed by G1, G9 and G12 at 25.5%, 22.8%, 9.3%, respectively. Phylogenetically the G1, G2 and G9 strains from Kolkata did not cluster with corresponding genotypes of Rotarix, RotaTeq and Rotavac (116E) vaccine strains.  CONCLUSION:  The study highlights the high prevalence of RV in children with gastroenteritis in Kolkata. The circulating genotypes have changed over the time with predominance of G9 and G2 strains during 2011-2013. The current G2, G9 and G1 Kolkata strains shared low amino acid homologies with current vaccine strains. Although there is substantial evidence for cross protection of vaccines against a variety of strains, still the strain variation should be monitored post vaccine introduction to determine if it has any impact on vaccine effectiveness. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MullickSatarupa en-aut-sei=Mullick en-aut-mei=Satarupa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MandalPaulami en-aut-sei=Mandal en-aut-mei=Paulami kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=Mukti Kant Nayak en-aut-sei=Mukti Kant Nayak en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSouvik en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Souvik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=DePapiya en-aut-sei=De en-aut-mei=Papiya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranK. en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K. en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=MitraUtpala en-aut-sei=Mitra en-aut-mei=Utpala kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiNobumichi en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Nobumichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=Chawla-SarkarMamta en-aut-sei=Chawla-Sarkar en-aut-mei=Mamta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= en-keyword=Diarrhea kn-keyword=Diarrhea en-keyword=Rotavirus kn-keyword=Rotavirus en-keyword=India kn-keyword=India en-keyword=Kolkata kn-keyword=Kolkata en-keyword=G9 strains kn-keyword=G9 strains en-keyword=G2 strains kn-keyword=G2 strains END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=3 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=239 end-page=246 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=20140218 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Isolation of viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental water samples in Kolkata, India, in a culturable state en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Previously, we reported that viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae was converted into a culturable state by coculture with several eukaryotic cell lines including HT-29 cells. In this study, we found that a factor converting VBNC V. cholerae into a culturable state (FCVC) existed in cell extracts of eukaryotic cells. FCVC was nondialyzable, proteinase K-sensitive, and stable to heating at <60°C for 5 min. We prepared thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) plates with FCVC (F-TCBS plates). After confirming that VBNC V. cholerae O1 and O139 formed typical yellow colonies on F-TCBS plates, we tried to isolate cholera toxin gene-positive VBNC V. cholerae from environmental water samples collected in urban slum areas of Kolkata, India and succeeded in isolating V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains harboring a gene for the cholera toxin. The possible importance of VBNC V. cholerae O1 as a source of cholera outbreaks is discussed. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SenohMitsutoshi en-aut-sei=Senoh en-aut-mei=Mitsutoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=Ghosh-BanerjeeJayeeta en-aut-sei=Ghosh-Banerjee en-aut-mei=Jayeeta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamabataTakashi en-aut-sei=Hamabata en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=Factor converting VBNC into culturable kn-keyword=Factor converting VBNC into culturable en-keyword=VBNC Vibrio cholerae kn-keyword=VBNC Vibrio cholerae END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=7 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=1250 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=20160809 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity in Vibrio cholerae O139 Isolated from Cholera Cases in Delhi, India during 2001-2006 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Incidence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 has declined in cholera endemic countries. However, sporadic cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 with notable genetic changes is still reported from many regions. In the present study, 42 V. cholerae O139 strains isolated from 2001 to 2006 in Delhi, India, were retrospectively analyzed to understand their phenotype and molecular characteristics. The majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. Though the integrative conjugative element was detected in all the O139 isolates, the 2004–2006 isolates remained susceptible to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. Cholera toxin genotype 1 was present in the majority of the O139 isolates while few had type 3 or a novel type 4. In the cholera toxin encoding gene (ctx) restriction fragment length polymorphism, the majority of the isolates harbored three copies of CTX element, of which one was truncated. In this study, the ctx was detected for the first time in the small chromosome of V. cholerae O139 and one isolate harbored 5 copies of CTX element, of which 3 were truncated. The ribotype BII pattern was found in most of the O139 isolates. Three V. cholerae O139 isolated in 2001 had a new ribotype BVIII. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed clonal variation in 2001 isolates compared to the 2004–2006 isolates. Molecular changes in V. cholerae O139 have to be closely monitored as this information may help in understanding the changing genetic features of this pathogen in relation to the epidemiology of cholera. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshRaikamal en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Raikamal kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SharmaNaresh C. en-aut-sei=Sharma en-aut-mei=Naresh C. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=HalderKalpataru en-aut-sei=Halder en-aut-mei=Kalpataru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhadraRupak K. en-aut-sei=Bhadra en-aut-mei=Rupak K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniGururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThadavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thadavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= en-keyword=V.cholerae O139 kn-keyword=V.cholerae O139 en-keyword=ribotypes kn-keyword=ribotypes en-keyword=CT genotype kn-keyword=CT genotype en-keyword=CTX prophage kn-keyword=CTX prophage en-keyword=PFGE kn-keyword=PFGE END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=44 cd-vols= no-issue=12 article-no= start-page=5658 end-page=5672 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=20160407 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Physiological TLR5 expression in the intestine is regulated by differential DNA binding of Sp1/Sp3 through simultaneous Sp1 dephosphorylation and Sp3 phosphorylation by two different PKC isoforms en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical to maintain health, as underscored by multiple intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in mice genetically engineered for IEC-specific TLR5 knockout. A gradient of expression exists in the colonic epithelial cells from the cecum to the distal colon. Intriguingly, an identical gradient for the dietary metabolite, butyrate also exists in the luminal contents. However, both being critical for intestinal homeostasis and immune response, no studies examined the role of butyrate in the regulation of TLR5 expression. We showed that butyrate transcriptionally upregulates TLR5 in the IECs and augments flagellin-induced immune responses. Both basal and butyrate-induced transcription is regulated by differential binding of Sp-family transcription factors to the GC-box sequences over the TLR5 promoter. Butyrate activates two different protein kinase C isoforms to dephosphorylate/acetylate Sp1 by serine/threonine phosphatases and phosphorylate Sp3 by ERK-MAPK, respectively. This resulted in Sp1 displacement from the promoter and binding of Sp3 to it, leading to p300 recruitment and histone acetylation, activating transcription. This is the first study addressing the mechanisms of physiological TLR5 expression in the intestine. Additionally, a novel insight is gained into Sp1/Sp3-mediated gene regulation that may apply to other genes. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Bhupesh Kumar Thakur en-aut-sei=Bhupesh Kumar Thakur en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasguptaNirmalya en-aut-sei=Dasgupta en-aut-mei=Nirmalya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaAtri en-aut-sei=Ta en-aut-mei=Atri kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasSantasabuj en-aut-sei=Das en-aut-mei=Santasabuj kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=7 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=144 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=20160211 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Extraintestinal Infections Caused by Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Vibrio cholerae is an aerobic, sucrose fermentative Gram-negative bacterium that generally prevails in the environment. Pathogenic V. cholerae is well-known as causative agent of acute diarrhea. Apart from enteric infections, V. cholerae may also cause other diseases. However, their role in causing extraintestinal infections is not fully known as it needs proper identification and evaluation. Four cases of extraintestinal infections due to V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 have been investigated. The isolates were screened for phenotypic and genetic characteristics with reference to their major virulence genes. Serologically distinct isolates harbored rtx, msh, and hly but lacked enteric toxin encoding genes that are generally present in toxigenic V. cholerae. Timely detection of this organism can prevent fatalities in hospital settings. The underlying virulence potential of V. cholerae needs appropriate testing and intervention. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=JoshiSangeeta en-aut-sei=Joshi en-aut-mei=Sangeeta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaSanjay en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Sanjay kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SekarUma en-aut-sei=Sekar en-aut-mei=Uma kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=BirajdarBalaji en-aut-sei=Birajdar en-aut-mei=Balaji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyyaArpita en-aut-sei=Bhattacharyya en-aut-mei=Arpita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Manipal Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Tata Medical Center kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Metropolis Healthcare Ltd-Global Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Metropolis Healthcare Ltd-Global Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=11 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=e0005386 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=20170213 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Comparative genome analysis of VSP-II and SNPs reveals heterogenic variation in contemporary strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Since the Bay of Bengal is considered the epicenter for the seventh cholera pandemic, it is important to understand the genetic dynamism of Vibrio cholerae from Kolkata, as a representative of the Bengal region. We analyzed whole genome sequence data of V. cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India, from 2007 to 2014 and identified the heterogeneous genomic region in these strains. In addition, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine the genetic lineage of strains in Kolkata. This analysis revealed the heterogeneity of the Vibrio seventh pandemic island (VSP)-II in Kolkata strains. The ctxB genotype was also heterogeneous and was highly related to VSP-II types. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed the shifts in predominant strains in Kolkata. Two distinct lineages, 1 and 2, were found between 2007 and 2010. However, the proportion changed markedly in 2010 and lineage 2 strains were predominant thereafter. Lineage 2 can be divided into four sublineages, I, II, III and IV. The results of this study indicate that lineages 1 and 2-I were concurrently prevalent between 2007 and 2009, and lineage 2-III observed in 2010, followed by the predominance of lineage 2-IV in 2011 and continued until 2014. Our findings demonstrate that the epidemic of cholera in Kolkata was caused by several distinct strains that have been constantly changing within the genetic lineages of V. cholerae O1 in recent years. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ImamuraDaisuke en-aut-sei=Imamura en-aut-mei=Daisuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MoritaMasatomo en-aut-sei=Morita en-aut-mei=Masatomo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SekizukaTsuyoshi en-aut-sei=Sekizuka en-aut-mei=Tsuyoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakemuraTaichiro en-aut-sei=Takemura en-aut-mei=Taichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamashiroTetsu en-aut-sei=Yamashiro en-aut-mei=Tetsu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=Pazhani Gururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei= Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=KurodaMakoto en-aut-sei=Kuroda en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= en-aut-name=OhnishiMakoto en-aut-sei=Ohnishi en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=14 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=14 en-affil=Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=1 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=1000114 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=20171130 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Intractable Seizure in a Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis caused by the Free Living Amoeba Naegleria Fowleri en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MalhotraAnil en-aut-sei=Malhotra en-aut-mei=Anil kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuriManish en-aut-sei=Chowdhuri en-aut-mei=Manish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhosalAjanta en-aut-sei=Ghosal en-aut-mei=Ajanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=Sanjib Kumar Sardar en-aut-sei=Sanjib Kumar Sardar en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkamotoKeinosuke en-aut-sei=Okamoto en-aut-mei=Keinosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaShanta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Shanta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaSujit K en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Sujit K kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Kothari Medical Centre kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Kothari Medical Centre kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=GHSPL Sambhav KNJ Healthcares LLP kn-affil= en-keyword=Meningoencephalitis kn-keyword=Meningoencephalitis en-keyword=Intractable seizure kn-keyword=Intractable seizure en-keyword=Coma kn-keyword=Coma en-keyword=Amoeba kn-keyword=Amoeba en-keyword=Naegleria fowleri kn-keyword=Naegleria fowleri END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=18 cd-vols= no-issue=11 article-no= start-page=1868 end-page=1871 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201211 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Vibrio fluvialis in Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We identified 131 strains of Vibrio fluvialis among 400 nonagglutinating Vibrio spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. For 43 patients, V. fluvialis was the sole pathogen identified. Most strains harbored genes encoding hemolysin and metalloprotease; this finding may contribute to understanding of the pathogenicity of V. fluvialis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=P. PazhaniGururaja en-aut-sei=P. Pazhani en-aut-mei=Gururaja kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaDevarati en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Devarati kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GuinSucharita en-aut-sei=Guin en-aut-mei=Sucharita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaSanjucta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Sanjucta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=IzumiyaHidemasa en-aut-sei=Izumiya en-aut-mei=Hidemasa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsakuraMasahiro en-aut-sei=Asakura en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamasakiShinji en-aut-sei=Yamasaki en-aut-mei=Shinji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=ArakawaEiji en-aut-sei=Arakawa en-aut-mei=Eiji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeHaruo en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Haruo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K. en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=14 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranK. en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=15 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairGopinath Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=Gopinath Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=16 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=17 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India affil-num=11 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=12 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=13 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=14 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=15 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=16 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=17 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=20120525 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Distinct repeat motifs at the C-terminal region of CagA of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from diseased patients and asymptomatic individuals in West Bengal, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains that express CagA is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The biological function of CagA depends on tyrosine phosphorylation by a cellular kinase. The phosphate acceptor tyrosine moiety is present within the EPIYA motif at the C-terminal region of the protein. This region is highly polymorphic due to variations in the number of EPIYA motifs and the polymorphism found in spacer regions among EPIYA motifs. The aim of this study was to analyze the polymorphism at the C-terminal end of CagA and to evaluate its association with the clinical status of the host in West Bengal, India. Results: Seventy-seven H. pylori strains isolated from patients with various clinical statuses were used to characterize the C-ternimal polymorphic region of CagA. Our analysis showed that there is no correlation between the previously described CagA types and various disease outcomes in Indian context. Further analyses of different CagA structures revealed that the repeat units in the spacer sequences within the EPIYA motifs are actually more discrete than the previously proposed models of CagA variants. Conclusion: Our analyses suggest that EPIYA motifs as well as the spacer sequence units are present as distinct insertions and deletions, which possibly have arisen from extensive recombination events. Moreover, we have identified several new CagA types, which could not be typed by the existing systems and therefore, we have proposed a new typing system. We hypothesize that a cagA gene encoding higher number EPIYA motifs may perhaps have arisen from cagA genes that encode lesser EPIYA motifs by acquisition of DNA segments through recombination events. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ChattopadhyaySantanu en-aut-sei=Chattopadhyay en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=PatraRajashree en-aut-sei=Patra en-aut-mei=Rajashree kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChatterjeeRaghunath en-aut-sei=Chatterjee en-aut-mei=Raghunath kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DeRonita en-aut-sei=De en-aut-mei=Ronita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=AlamJawed en-aut-sei=Alam en-aut-mei=Jawed kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryAbhijit en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Abhijit kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=BergDouglas E. en-aut-sei=Berg en-aut-mei=Douglas E. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Liver Res Ctr, Sch Digest & Liver Dis, Inst Post Grad Med Educ & Res affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Washington Univ, Sch Med affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Div Bacteriol en-keyword=Helicobacter pylori kn-keyword=Helicobacter pylori en-keyword=CagA kn-keyword=CagA en-keyword=Duodenal ulcer kn-keyword=Duodenal ulcer END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=28 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=1633 end-page=1639 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201204 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=An extracellular serine protease produced by Vibrio vulnificus NCIMB 2137, a metalloprotease-gene negative strain isolated from a diseased eel en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous estuarine microorganism but causes fatal systemic infections in immunocompromised humans, cultured eels or shrimps. An extracellular metalloprotease VVP/VvpE has been reported to be a potential virulence factor of the bacterium; however, a few strains isolated from a diseased eel or shrimp were recently found to produce a serine protease termed VvsA, but not VVP/VvpE. In the present study, we found that these strains had lost the 80 kb genomic region including the gene encoding VVP/VvpE. We also purified VvsA from the culture supernatant through ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography, and the enzyme was demonstrated to be a chymotrypsin-like protease, as well as those from some vibrios. The gene vvsA was shown to constitute an operon with a downstream gene vvsB, and several Vibrio species were found to have orthologues of vvsAB. These findings indicate that the genes vvp/vvpE and vvsAB might be mobile genetic elements. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=JiyouWang en-aut-sei=Jiyou en-aut-mei=Wang kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KatohKeizo en-aut-sei=Katoh en-aut-mei=Keizo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SenohMitsutoshi en-aut-sei=Senoh en-aut-mei=Mitsutoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=MaeharaYoko en-aut-sei=Maehara en-aut-mei=Yoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci en-keyword=Polymerase chain reaction kn-keyword=Polymerase chain reaction en-keyword=Purification kn-keyword=Purification en-keyword=Serine protease kn-keyword=Serine protease en-keyword=Metalloprotease kn-keyword=Metalloprotease en-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus kn-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=50 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=1733 end-page=1736 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201205 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Development and Evaluation of a PCR Assay for Tracking the Emergence and Dissemination of Haitian Variant ctxB in Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains Isolated from Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=A PCR-based assay was developed to discriminate the classical, El Tor, and Haitian types of ctxB alleles. Our retrospective study using this newly developed PCR showed that Haitian ctxB first appeared in Kolkata during April 2006, and 93.3% of strains isolated during 2011 carried the new allele. Dendrogram analysis showed a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern of the new variant strains isolated recently that was distinct from the PFGE pattern of the strains carrying classical ctxB that closely matched the 2006 to 2007 variant strains. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NahaArindam en-aut-sei=Naha en-aut-mei=Arindam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=PazhaniG. P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei=G. P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulyMou en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Mou kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSantanu en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Santanu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamuranthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamuranthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=NandyRanjan K. en-aut-sei=Nandy en-aut-mei=Ranjan K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ Infect Dis NICED, Collaborat Res Ctr affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=61 cd-vols= no-issue=9 article-no= start-page=1295 end-page=1302 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201209 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Significant association of the dupA gene of Helicobacter pylori with duodenal ulcer development in a South-east Indian population en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=A novel virulence factor, duodenal ulcer-promoting gene A (dupA), in Helicobacter pylori has been found to be associated with disease in certain populations but not in others. This study analysed a South-east Indian population as part of the debate about the relevance of dupA for the prediction of clinical outcomes. A total of 140 H. pylori strains isolated from duodenal ulcer (DU) (n=83) and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) patients (n=57) were screened by PCR and dot-blot hybridization to determine the presence of the ORFs jhp0917 and jhp0918. Part of jhp0917-jhp0918 was sequenced to search for the C/T insertion that characterizes dupA and the levels of dupA transcripts were also assessed. The PCR and dot-blot results indicated the presence of jhp0917 and jhp0918 in 37.3% (31/83) and 12.2% (7/57) of H. pylori strains isolated from DU and NUD patients, respectively. Sequencing analysis showed insertion of a C at nt 1386 in the 3' region of jhp0917, forming the dupA gene in 35 strains. RT-PCR analysis detected the dupA transcript in 28 of these 35 strains. The expression level of the dupA transcript varied from strain to strain, as shown by real-time PCR. The results demonstrated that analysis based on PCR only for dupA may produce an erroneous interpretation. The prevalence of dupA was significantly greater among strains isolated from patients with DU than from patients with NUD in this population (P=0.001, odds ratio=4.26, confidence interval=1.60-11.74). Based on these findings, dupA can be considered a biomarker for DU patients in India. The reported discrepancies for this putative virulence marker in different populations may be due to the genome plasticity of H. pylori. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=AlamJawed en-aut-sei=Alam en-aut-mei=Jawed kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MaitiSankar en-aut-sei=Maiti en-aut-mei=Sankar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshPrachetash en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Prachetash kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DeRonita en-aut-sei=De en-aut-mei=Ronita kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryAbhijit en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Abhijit kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasSuryasnata en-aut-sei=Das en-aut-mei=Suryasnata kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=MacadenRagini en-aut-sei=Macaden en-aut-mei=Ragini kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=DevarbhaviHarshad en-aut-sei=Devarbhavi en-aut-mei=Harshad kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=IISER affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Inst Post Grad Med Educ & Res, Sch Digest & Liver Dis affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=St Johns Med Coll Hosp affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=St Johns Med Coll Hosp affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=St Johns Med Coll Hosp affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=50 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=1308 end-page=1312 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201204 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Real-Time PCR-Based Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay for Specific Detection of CS6-Expressing Allelic Variants of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Its Application in Assessing Diarrheal Cases and Asymptomatic Controls en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing the colonization factor CS6 is widespread in many developing countries, including India. The different allelic variants of CS6, caused by point mutations in its structural genes, cssA and cssB, are designated AIBI, AIIBII, AIIIBI, AIBII, and AIIIBII. A simple, reliable, and specific mismatch amplification mutation assay based on real-time quantitative PCR (MAMA-qPCR) was developed for the first time for the detection of CS6-expressing ETEC, along with the identification of allelic variations. The assay was based on mismatched nucleotide incorporation at the penultimate base at the 3' ends of the reverse primers specific for cssA and cssB and was validated using 38 CS6-expressing ETEC isolates. This strategy was effective in detecting all the alleles containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Using MAMA-qPCR, we also tested CS6 allelic variants in 145 ETEC isolates from children with acute diarrhea and asymptomatic infections, with the latter serving as controls. We observed that the AIBI and AIIIBI allelic variants were mostly associated with cases rather than controls, whereas the AIIBII variants were detected mostly in controls. In addition, the AIBI and AIIIBI alleles were frequently associated with ETEC harboring the heat-stable toxin gene (est) alone or with the heat-labile toxin gene (elt), whereas the AIIBII allele was predominant in ETEC isolates harboring the elt gene. This study may help in understanding the association of allelic variants in CS6-expressing ETEC with the clinical features of diarrhea, as well as in ETEC vaccine studies. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SabuiSubrata en-aut-sei=Sabui en-aut-mei=Subrata kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DuttaSanjucta en-aut-sei=Dutta en-aut-mei=Sanjucta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=DebnathAnusuya en-aut-sei=Debnath en-aut-mei=Anusuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshAvishek en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Avishek kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamabataT. en-aut-sei=Hamabata en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranK. en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT. en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=NataroJames P. en-aut-sei=Nataro en-aut-mei=James P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=SurDipika en-aut-sei=Sur en-aut-mei=Dipika kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=LevineMyron M. en-aut-sei=Levine en-aut-mei=Myron M. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChatterjeeNabendu Sekhar en-aut-sei=Chatterjee en-aut-mei=Nabendu Sekhar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Ctr Global Hlth & Med affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Pediat affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis, Calcutta affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev affil-num=11 en-affil= kn-affil=Natl Inst Cholera & Enter Dis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=92 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=361 end-page=369 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=201102 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Whole-genome characterization of human group C rotaviruses: identification of two lineages in the VP3 gene en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Group C rotavirus (GCRV) is distributed worldwide as an enteric pathogen in humans and animals. However, to date, whole-genome sequences are available only for a human strain (Bristol) and a porcine strain (Cowden). To investigate the genetic diversity of human GCRVs, nearly full-length sequences of all 11 RNA segments were determined for human GCRVs detected recently in India (v508), Bangladesh (BS347), China (Wu82 and YNR001) and Japan (OH567 and BK0830) and analysed phylogenetically with sequence data for GCRVs published previously. All the RNA segments of human GCRV strains except for the VP3 gene showed high levels of conservation (>93 % nucleotide sequence identity, >92 % amino acid sequence identity), belonging to a single genetic cluster distinct from those of animal GCRVs. In contrast, the VP3 genes of human GCRVs could be discriminated into two clusters, designated M2 and M3, that were distinguished phylogenetically from those of porcine and bovine GCRVs (clusters M1 and M4, respectively). Between M2 and M3, amino acid sequence identity of the VP3 gene was 84.1–84.7 %, whereas high identities were observed within each cluster (92.3–97.6 % for M2, 98.2–99.3 % for M3). Sequence divergence among the four VP3 clusters was observed throughout the amino acid sequence except for conserved motifs, including those possibly related to enzyme functions of VP3. The presence of obvious genetic diversity only in the VP3 gene among human GCRVs suggested that either the M2 or M3 VP3 gene of human GCRVs might have been derived through reassortment from an animal GCRV or from an unidentified human GCRV strain belonging to a novel genogroup. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YamamotoDai en-aut-sei=Yamamoto en-aut-mei=Dai kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSouvik en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Souvik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuzuyaMitsutaka en-aut-sei=Kuzuya en-aut-mei=Mitsutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=WangYuan-Hong en-aut-sei=Wang en-aut-mei=Yuan-Hong kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ZhouXuan en-aut-sei=Zhou en-aut-mei=Xuan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=Chawla-SarkarMamta en-aut-sei=Chawla-Sarkar en-aut-mei=Mamta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=PaulShyamal Kumar en-aut-sei=Paul en-aut-mei=Shyamal Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=IshinoMasaho en-aut-sei=Ishino en-aut-mei=Masaho kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiNobumichi en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Nobumichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Mymensingh Medical College affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=91 cd-vols= no-issue=9 article-no= start-page=2367 end-page=2373 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=201009 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Complete genome constellation of a caprine group A rotavirus strain reveals common evolution with ruminant and human rotavirus strains en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study reports the first complete genome sequence of a caprine group A rotavirus (GAR) strain, GO34. The VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5 genes of strain GO34, detected in Bangladesh, were assigned to the G6-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3 genotypes, respectively. Strain GO34 was closely related to the VP4, VP6–7 and NSP4–5 genes of bovine GARs and the NSP1 gene of GO34 to an ovine GAR. Strain GO34 shared low nucleotide sequence identities (<90 %) with VP2–3 genes of other GARs, and was equally related to NSP3 genes of human, ruminant and camelid strains. The VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes of strain GO34 also exhibited a close genetic relatedness to human G2, G6, G8 and G12 DS-1-like GARs, whereas the NSP1 of GO34 was also closely related to human G6P[14] strains. All these findings point to a common evolutionary origin of GO34 and bovine, ovine, antelope, guanaco and human G6P[14] GARs, although phylogenetically GO34 is not particularly closely related to any other rotavirus strains known to date. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshSouvik en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Souvik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=AlamMohammed Mahbub en-aut-sei=Alam en-aut-mei=Mohammed Mahbub kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=AhmedMuzahed Uddin en-aut-sei=Ahmed en-aut-mei=Muzahed Uddin kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TalukdarRafiqul Islam en-aut-sei=Talukdar en-aut-mei=Rafiqul Islam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=PaulShyamal Kumar en-aut-sei=Paul en-aut-mei=Shyamal Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiNobumichi en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Nobumichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=91 cd-vols= no-issue=7 article-no= start-page=1772 end-page=1781 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=201007 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Analysis of genetic diversity and molecular evolution of human group B rotaviruses based on whole genome segments en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Group B rotavirus (GBR) is a rare enteric pathogen that causes severe diarrhoea, primarily in adults. Nearly full-length sequences of all 11 RNA segments were determined for human GBRs detected recently in India (IDH-084 in 2007, IC-008 in 2008), Bangladesh (Bang117 in 2003) and Myanmar (MMR-B1 in 2007), and analysed phylogenetically with the sequence data of GBRs reported previously. All RNA segments of GBR strains from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar showed >95 % nucleotide sequence identities. Among the 11 RNA segments, the VP6 and NSP2 genes showed the highest identities (>98 %), whilst the lowest identities were observed in the NSP4 gene (96.1 %), NSP5 gene (95.6 %) and VP8*-encoding region of the VP4 gene (95.9 %). Divergent or conserved regions in the deduced amino acid sequences of GBR VP1–VP4 and NSP1–NSP5 were similar to those in group A rotaviruses (GARs), and the functionally important motifs and structural characteristics in viral proteins known for GAR were conserved in all of the human GBRs. These findings suggest that, whilst the degree of genetic evolution may be dependent on each RNA segment, human GBR may have been evolving in a similar manner to GAR, associated with the similar functional roles of individual viral proteins. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YamamotoDai en-aut-sei=Yamamoto en-aut-mei=Dai kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshSouvik en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Souvik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GaneshBalasubramanian en-aut-sei=Ganesh en-aut-mei=Balasubramanian kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KrishnanTriveni en-aut-sei=Krishnan en-aut-mei=Triveni kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=Chawla-SarkarMamta en-aut-sei=Chawla-Sarkar en-aut-mei=Mamta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=AlamMohammed Mahbub en-aut-sei=Alam en-aut-mei=Mohammed Mahbub kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AungTin Sabai en-aut-sei=Aung en-aut-mei=Tin Sabai kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiNobumichi en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Nobumichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Bangladesh Agricultural University affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=National Health Laboratory affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=48 cd-vols= no-issue=11 article-no= start-page=4283 end-page=4286 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=201009 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Cholera Toxin Production by the El Tor Variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 Compared to Prototype El Tor and Classical Biotypes en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains produced much more cholera toxin than did prototype El Tor strains. The amount of cholera toxin produced by El Tor variant strains both in vitro and in vivo was more or less equivalent to that produced by classical strains. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=Ghosh-BanerjeeJ en-aut-sei=Ghosh-Banerjee en-aut-mei=J kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SenohM en-aut-sei=Senoh en-aut-mei=M kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakahashiT en-aut-sei=Takahashi en-aut-mei=T kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamabataT en-aut-sei=Hamabata en-aut-mei=T kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=BarmanS en-aut-sei=Barman en-aut-mei=S kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KoleyH en-aut-sei=Koley en-aut-mei=H kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayA. K en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=A. K kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyT en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=T kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChatterjeeS en-aut-sei=Chatterjee en-aut-mei=S kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsakuraM en-aut-sei=Asakura en-aut-mei=M kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamasakiS en-aut-sei=Yamasaki en-aut-mei=S kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=NairG. B en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=G. B kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaY en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Y kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University affil-num=11 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University affil-num=12 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=13 en-affil= kn-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=171 cd-vols= no-issue=1-2 article-no= start-page=41 end-page=47 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20100715 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Few studies in the past have examined the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in India. To assess the importance of these animals as a source of human Cryptosporidium infections, fecal samples from 180 calves, heifers and adults and 51 farm workers on two dairy farms in West Bengal, India were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium followed by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the DNA sequences obtained in the study and those available in GenBank. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle was 11.7% though the infection was more prevalent in younger calves than in adult cattle. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae and Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle followed an age-related pattern. A Cryptosporidium suis-like genotype was also detected in a calf. Farm workers were infected with Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum and a novel C. bovis genotype. These findings clearly suggest that there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium infections between cattle and humans on dairy farms in India. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KhanShahbaz Manzoor en-aut-sei=Khan en-aut-mei=Shahbaz Manzoor kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DebnathChanchal en-aut-sei=Debnath en-aut-mei=Chanchal kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=PramanikAmiya Kumar en-aut-sei=Pramanik en-aut-mei=Amiya Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=XiaoLihua en-aut-sei=Xiao en-aut-mei=Lihua kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=NozakiTomoyoshi en-aut-sei=Nozaki en-aut-mei=Tomoyoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases en-keyword=Cryptosporidium kn-keyword=Cryptosporidium en-keyword=Dairy cattle kn-keyword=Dairy cattle en-keyword=Zoonoses kn-keyword=Zoonoses en-keyword=India kn-keyword=India en-keyword=Genotyping kn-keyword=Genotyping en-keyword=Phylogenetic analysis kn-keyword=Phylogenetic analysis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=178 cd-vols= no-issue=3-4 article-no= start-page=342 end-page=345 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=20110610 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Molecular evidence for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis among dairy farm workers in West Bengal, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=No study in the past has examined the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in India. To assess the importance of these animals as a source of human G. duodenalis infections and determine the epidemiology of bovine giardiasis in India, fecal samples from 180 calves, heifers and adults and 51 dairy farm workers on two dairy farms in West Bengal, India were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis of the β-giardin gene of G. duodenalis followed by DNA sequencing of the nested PCR products. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was 12.2% (22/180), the infection being more prevalent in younger calves than in adult cattle. Zoonotic G. duodenalis Assemblage A1 was identified in both calves and workers although the most prevalent genotype detected in cattle was a novel Assemblage E subgenotype. These findings clearly suggest that there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis infections between cattle and humans on dairy farms in India. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KhanShahbaz Manzoor en-aut-sei=Khan en-aut-mei=Shahbaz Manzoor kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DebnathChanchal en-aut-sei=Debnath en-aut-mei=Chanchal kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=PramanikAmiya Kumar en-aut-sei=Pramanik en-aut-mei=Amiya Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=XiaoLihua en-aut-sei=Xiao en-aut-mei=Lihua kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=NozakiTomoyoshi en-aut-sei=Nozaki en-aut-mei=Tomoyoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases en-keyword=Giardia duodenalis kn-keyword=Giardia duodenalis en-keyword=Cattle kn-keyword=Cattle en-keyword=Dairy farm workers kn-keyword=Dairy farm workers en-keyword=Zoonoses kn-keyword=Zoonoses en-keyword=India kn-keyword=India en-keyword=Genotyping kn-keyword=Genotyping END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=57 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=904 end-page=908 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=201105 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Inactivation of Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin through mutation of the N- or C-terminus of the lectin-like domain en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Vibrio vulnificus is an etiological agent causing serious systemic infections in the immunocompromised humans or cultured eels. This species commonly produces a hemolytic toxin consisting of the cytolysin domain and the lectin-like domain. For hemolysis, the lectin-like domain specifically binds to cholesterol in the erythrocyte membrane, and to form a hollow oligomer, the toxin is subsequently assembled on the membrane. The cytolysin domain is essential for the process to form the oligomer. Three-dimensional structure model revealed that two domains connected linearly and the C-terminus was located near to the joint of the domains. Insertion of amino acid residues between two domains was found to cause inactivation of the toxin. In the C-terminus, deletion, substitution or addition of an amino acid residue also elicited reduction of the activity. However, the cholesterol-binding ability was not affected by the mutations. These results suggest that mutation of the C- or N-terminus of the lectin-like domain may result in blockage of the toxin assembly. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=AbeYuki en-aut-sei=Abe en-aut-mei=Yuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SenohMitsutoshi en-aut-sei=Senoh en-aut-mei=Mitsutoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MaeharaYoko en-aut-sei=Maehara en-aut-mei=Yoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakaoHiroshi en-aut-sei=Nakao en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University en-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus kn-keyword=Vibrio vulnificus en-keyword=Hemolysin kn-keyword=Hemolysin en-keyword=Cell-free translation kn-keyword=Cell-free translation en-keyword=Site-directed mutagenesis kn-keyword=Site-directed mutagenesis END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=51 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=243 end-page=249 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=201110 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CS6 gene products and their roles in CS6 structural protein assembly and cellular adherence en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) produces a variety of colonization factors necessary for attachment to the host cell, among which CS6 is one of the most prevalent in ETEC isolates from developing countries. The CS6 operon is composed of 4 genes, cssA, cssB, cssC, and cssD. The molecular mechanism of CS6 assembly and cell surface presentation, and the contribution of each protein to the attachment of the bacterium to intestinal cells remain unclear. In the present study, a series of css gene-deletion mutants of the CS6 operon were constructed in the ETEC genetic background, and their effect on adhesion to host cells and CS6 assembly was studied. Each subunit deletion resulted in a reduction in the adhesion to intestinal cells to the same level of laboratory E. coli strains, and this effect was restored by complementary plasmids, suggesting that the 4 proteins are necessary for CS6 expression. Bacterial cell fractionation and western blotting of the mutant strains suggested that the formation of a CssA–CssB–CssC complex is necessary for recognition by CssD and transport of CssA–CssB to the outer membrane as a colonization factor. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=WajimaTakeaki en-aut-sei=Wajima en-aut-mei=Takeaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SabuiSubrata en-aut-sei=Sabui en-aut-mei=Subrata kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=FukumotoMegumi en-aut-sei=Fukumoto en-aut-mei=Megumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanoShigeyuki en-aut-sei=Kano en-aut-mei=Shigeyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChatterjeeNabendu Sekhar en-aut-sei=Chatterjee en-aut-mei=Nabendu Sekhar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamabataTakashi en-aut-sei=Hamabata en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba en-keyword=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli kn-keyword=Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli en-keyword=Colonization factor kn-keyword=Colonization factor en-keyword=CS6 kn-keyword=CS6 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=143 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=230 end-page=234 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20101015 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in retail foods in northern China en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=A total of 387 retail meat, seafood and milk powder samples were collected from nine cities in northern China in 2005 and screened for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella strains isolated were subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Salmonella was isolated from 81 (20.9%, 81/387) samples and classified into 23 serotypes. The isolates were frequently resistant to sulfamethoxazole (86.4%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (48.1%), nalidixic acid (30.9%), tetracycline (19.8%), carboxybenzylpenicillin (17.3%), amoxicillin (17.3%) and ampicillin (16.0%). The multiple resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 antibiotics) was found in 29.6% (n = 24) isolates. Additionally, 4 isolates from chicken displayed the ACSSuTNx profile, resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline and nalidixic acid, in particular, strain HBS084 showing the resistance to as many as 20 antibiotics. Salmonella from chicken showed the higher frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Our findings indicate that in northern China food products of animal origin can be a source of exposure for consumers to multiresistant Salmonella strains en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YanHe en-aut-sei=Yan en-aut-mei=He kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=LiLin en-aut-sei=Li en-aut-mei=Lin kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=AlamM. Jahangir en-aut-sei=Alam en-aut-mei=M. Jahangir kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShiLei en-aut-sei=Shi en-aut-mei=Lei kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Texas Commission on Environmental Quality affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Sciences, Okayama University of Science affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology en-keyword=Salmonella kn-keyword=Salmonella en-keyword=Prevalence kn-keyword=Prevalence en-keyword=Retail meats kn-keyword=Retail meats en-keyword=Antimicrobial resistance kn-keyword=Antimicrobial resistance END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=11 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=57 end-page=63 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=201101 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Full genomic analysis of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant: Identification of novel VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genotypes en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We report here the full genomic analysis of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] group A rotavirus (GAR) strain, B10, isolated from an asymptomatic infant in Kenya in 1987. By nucleotide sequence identities and phylogenetic analyses, the VP7–VP4–VP2–VP3–NSP1–NSP2–NSP3–NSP5 genes of strain B10 exhibited maximum genetic relatedness to those of the different isolates of simian strain SA11, and were assigned to the G3–P[2]–C5–M5–A5–N5–T5–H5 genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genes of strain B10 did not belong to any of the established GAR genotypes, and therefore, were assigned to new genotype numbers R8, I16 and E13, respectively, by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group. These observations suggested that strain B10 might have originated from reassortment event/s involving simian SA11-like strains and GAR strains from unknown animal host species (possibly other wild animals) preceding transmission to humans. Alternatively, considering the lack of data on simian GARs, it might be also possible that the VP1, VP6 and NSP4 genes of strain B10 are those of unknown simian strains, and that strain B10 might be a typical simian strain that was directly transmitted to humans. Therefore, either hypothesis pointed towards a rare instance of possible direct transmission of GARs from an animal host (possibly a monkey or some other wild animal) to humans. This was corroborated by the presence of different species of wild animals including non-human primates, and unhygienic conditions at the sampling site. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the detection of a simian SA11-like G3P[2] GAR strain in humans. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshSouvik en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Souvik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=GatheruZipporah en-aut-sei=Gatheru en-aut-mei=Zipporah kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NyangaoJames en-aut-sei=Nyangao en-aut-mei=James kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=AdachiNoriaki en-aut-sei=Adachi en-aut-mei=Noriaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=UrushibaraNoriko en-aut-sei=Urushibara en-aut-mei=Noriko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiNobumichi en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Nobumichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Kushiro City General Hospital affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine en-keyword=Group A rotavirus kn-keyword=Group A rotavirus en-keyword=Novel genotypes kn-keyword=Novel genotypes en-keyword=Zoonosis kn-keyword=Zoonosis en-keyword=Simian kn-keyword=Simian en-keyword=Human kn-keyword=Human END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=2 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20100605 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background: This study was conducted to determine the etiology of diarrhoea in a hospital setting in Kolkata. Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on two random days per week by enrolling every fifth diarrhoeal patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital in Kolkata. Results: Most of the patients (76.1%) had acute watery diarrhoea in association with vomiting (77.7%) and some dehydration (92%). Vibrio cholerae O1, Rotavirus and Giardia lamblia were the important causes of diarrhoea. Among Shigella spp, S. flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. Enteric viruses, EPEC and EAEC were common in children <5 year age group. Atypical EPEC was comparatively higher than the typical EPEC. Multidrug resistance was common among V. cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Polymicrobial infections were common in all age groups and 27.9% of the diarrhoea patients had no potential pathogen. Conclusions: Increase in V. cholerae O1 infection among <2 years age group, resistance of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline, rise of untypable S. flexnerii, higher proportion of atypical EPEC and G. lamblia and polymicrobial etiology are some of the emerging trends observed in this diarrhoeal disease surveillance. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NairGopinath Balakrish en-aut-sei=Nair en-aut-mei=Gopinath Balakrish kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir Kumar en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir Kumar kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KrishnanTriveni en-aut-sei=Krishnan en-aut-mei=Triveni kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SahaDhira Rani en-aut-sei=Saha en-aut-mei=Dhira Rani kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=RajendranKrishnan en-aut-sei=Rajendran en-aut-mei=Krishnan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=MannaByomkesh en-aut-sei=Manna en-aut-mei=Byomkesh kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=GhoshMrinmoy en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=Mrinmoy kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkamotoKeinosuke en-aut-sei=Okamoto en-aut-mei=Keinosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaYoshifumi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Yoshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED) affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=11 en-affil= kn-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, NICED END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=2 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20101006 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Trend of Entamoeba histolytica infestation in Kolkata en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background: Entamoeba histolytica infection is found almost all over the world and is highly endemic and a major cause of parasitic diarrhoea particularly in the developing countries. Methods: A systemic surveillance was set up at the Infectious Disease hospital, Kolkata, India between November 2007 and October 2009 for understanding the trend of E. histolytica infection in Kolkata. Fecal samples were collected from diarrhoeal patients attending the hospital, under the surveillance system and processed for detection of E. histolytica. Results: During the last two years about 2500 diarrhoeal samples were collected and screened for E. histolytica. About 3.6% were positive for E. histolytica. As compared to the earlier years, E. histolytica infection was observed to be less amongst patients screened during the last two years. No seasonality was observed in Kolkata although in the neighboring tropical country Bangladesh, a typical seasonality of E. histolytica infection was noticed. Conclusion: The study indicates that the detection rate of E. histolytica infection amongst diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata is decreasing during the last two years than that of Bangladesh. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MukherjeeAvik K en-aut-sei=Mukherjee en-aut-mei=Avik K kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=DasKaushik en-aut-sei=Das en-aut-mei=Kaushik kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=BhattacharyaMihir K en-aut-sei=Bhattacharya en-aut-mei=Mihir K kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NozakiTomoyoshi en-aut-sei=Nozaki en-aut-mei=Tomoyoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=GangulySandipan en-aut-sei=Ganguly en-aut-mei=Sandipan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=155 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=159 end-page=167 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2009 dt-pub=20091121 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Molecular characterization of the VP1, VP2, VP4, VP6, NSP1 and NSP2 genes of bovine group B rotaviruses: identification of a novel VP4 genotype en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Studies on bovine group B rotaviruses (GBRs) are limited. To date, only the VP6 gene of a single bovine GBR strain and the VP7 and NSP5 genes of a few bovine GBR strains have been sequenced and analyzed. In the present study, using a single-primer amplification method, we have determined the full-length nucleotide sequences of the VP1, VP2, VP4, VP6, NSP1 and NSP2 genes of three bovine GBR strains from eastern India. In all six of these genes, the bovine GBR strains shared high genetic relatedness among themselves but exhibited high genetic diversity with cognate genes of human, murine and ovine GBRs. Interestingly, as with group A rotaviruses, the bovine GBR VP1, VP2, VP6 and NSP2 genes appeared to be more conserved than the VP4 and NSP1 genes among strains of different species. The present study provides important insights into the genetic makeup and diversity of bovine GBRs, and also identifies a novel GBR VP4 genotype. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GhoshS en-aut-sei=Ghosh en-aut-mei=S kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiN en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=N kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagashimaS en-aut-sei=Nagashima en-aut-mei=S kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=Chawla-SarkarM en-aut-sei=Chawla-Sarkar en-aut-mei=M kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KrishnanT en-aut-sei=Krishnan en-aut-mei=T kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=GaneshB en-aut-sei=Ganesh en-aut-mei=B kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=NaikTN en-aut-sei=Naik en-aut-mei=TN kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1,W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1,W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=School of Biology, National Institute of Science Education and Research END