start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=51 cd-vols= no-issue=2-3 article-no= start-page=15 end-page=37 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200319 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=The Development Strategies of Poland and the Engine of Polish Economic Growth kn-title=現代ポーランドの国家発展戦略と経済成長の原動力 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=　In this paper, authors analyze the changes in the national development strategies of the Polish government since the First World War, the state investment that became the driving force of economic development, the trends and positions of foreign capital, and the changes in the economic environment surrounding the Polish economy. 　In the Second Republic, economic liberalism was a widely supported philosophy in the business world and academic society. However, in order to support very weak economic fundamentals, the government seized the key industry and tried to rebuild the economy. Although foreign capital played a very important role in economic development, Polish people’s distrust in foreign capital was strong. After the Great Depression, the Central Industrial District（ CUP） was built under the leadership of the government. However, with the outbreak of World War II, the formation of a strong core industrial base was suspended.
　After the Second World War, the government initially aimed to build a Peoples Democracy system based on pluralism. However, when the Cold War sharpened, rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture were forced. The Stalinist economic development strategy failed in a few years. Nevertheless, from the end of the 1950s, mining development and industrialization based on the mechanical and chemical industries were carried out again. This industrialization of capital goods sector-oriented production has distorted the people’s consumer life. However, in the long run, it cannot be denied that the industrialization of that time became the basis for the formation of the wide promising fields of the Polish industry. Since 1970, an open economic strategy has been adopted. Modernization was attempted by introducing licenses from the west. However, new investments did not lead to expansion of export, and cumulative debt increased. During the economic crisis, the“ Solidarity” movement quickly grew into a national movement, but this did not lead to a fundamental economic system change. Economic reform was also attempted in the 1980s. However, the socialist economic system was unable to adapt to the new global economic system driven by innovation. The inflexible system lost its growth potential.
　After the collapse of socialist system in 1989, radical liberalization policies drastically improved economic imbalances, and the economic policy enabled high growth. During the transition period, foreign capital greatly contributed to growth. The automobile industry is a good example. This industry is associated with wide parts production. Many domestic intermediate goods manufacturers increased their orders, and their technical capabilities were rapidly improved through the guidance of foreign capital. In addition, export has improved significantly due to the expansion of production by foreign-affiliated companies. In contrast to the Second Republic, foreign capital played a major role in nurturing domestic industries. By the end of the 1990s, the Russian economy had had no effect on the Polish economy. At the transition period, the Polish industry shifted rapidly to the EU. At the same time, since the manufacturing field was the foundation of Polish growth, the impact of the 2007 global financial crisis wasn’t serious. Not only that, Poland maintained positive growth in 2008 as most countries in Europe fell into negative Currently, low-wage, low-value-added production based on FDI inflows and abundant labor force is the driving force for growth. In the medium and long term, the Polish economy cannot grow if it stays in the current subcontract production status of industrialized countries. The key to Poland’s escape from the “middle-income trap” is how to develop“ new Polish companies” that produce high-value-added products and services under global competition. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkazakiTaku en-aut-sei=Okazaki en-aut-mei=Taku kn-aut-name=岡﨑拓 kn-aut-sei=岡﨑 kn-aut-mei=拓 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院社会文化科学研究科 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=常磐大学総合政策学部 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=118 cd-vols= no-issue=355 article-no= start-page=103 end-page=108 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2018 dt-pub=201812 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Proposing an Unsupervised Approach to Evaluate Essays Using IDF on Reference Data kn-title=参照データとidf を利用した事前採点不要な小論文評価手法 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=In this paper, we describe an on-going study of developing an automatic essay-scoring system in Japanese. Essay scoring systems have already been developed and used mainly in English, while not many previous studies have been done on Japanese essay evaluations. Most of the methods and systems of automatic essay evaluation need not small number of previously human-graded essays for calibrating the parameter of regression functions or parameter of machine learning. The previous studies show the high performance for essay evaluation task, however, it must be not easy to assume large graded essays in, for example, actual tests or entrance examinations. Thus, we take a approach to evaluate Japanese essays without previously human-graded essays but with assuming reference data related to essay questions. The proposed method is a simple one, that is, evaluating the essays with co-occurrences with the reference data in their words or morphemes. In the method technical terms would be given high scores using neologd dictionary and idf values. Experimental results show that the proposed method works well in our developing Japanese mock trial writing tests. Key words automatic scoring of essays, human annotation, supporting kn-abstract=大学入試において2020 年から記述式問題が導入されることから記述式の問題を自動で採点する手法の開発が求められている．本論では，エッセイタイプの小論文課題を対象に，課題に関連する参照データとWikipedia 全文から作成したidf を利用した事前採点不要な自動採点手法を提案する．先行研究において，日本語小論文を対象とした自動採点では，多くの事前採点が必要となり，実際の数百人規模の試験では利用することが難しいと考えられる．そこで本研究では，事前採点が不要な小論文採点手法を提案する．また，小論文の模擬試験を実施して小論文データを構築する．構築した小論文データに対して採点手法を用い，実験を行い評価する．また小論文データの人手による採点に対しても評価を行う．評価実験の結果neologd 辞書を利用した形態素解析器を用いて， idf 値を利用した形態素の一致数が，人手の評価値と相関が高いことを示す． en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OhnoMasayuki en-aut-sei=Ohno en-aut-mei=Masayuki kn-aut-name=大野雅幸 kn-aut-sei=大野 kn-aut-mei=雅幸 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakeuchiKoichi en-aut-sei=Takeuchi en-aut-mei=Koichi kn-aut-name=竹内孔一 kn-aut-sei=竹内 kn-aut-mei=孔一 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MotojinKota en-aut-sei=Motojin en-aut-mei=Kota kn-aut-name=泉仁宏太 kn-aut-sei=泉仁 kn-aut-mei=宏太 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ObataYuya en-aut-sei=Obata en-aut-mei=Yuya kn-aut-name=小畑友也 kn-aut-sei=小畑 kn-aut-mei=友也 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=InadaYoshihiko en-aut-sei=Inada en-aut-mei=Yoshihiko kn-aut-name=稲田佳彦 kn-aut-sei=稲田 kn-aut-mei=佳彦 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=IizukaMasaya en-aut-sei=Iizuka en-aut-mei=Masaya kn-aut-name=飯塚誠也 kn-aut-sei=飯塚 kn-aut-mei=誠也 aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=AboTatsuhiko en-aut-sei=Abo en-aut-mei=Tatsuhiko kn-aut-name=阿保達彦 kn-aut-sei=阿保 kn-aut-mei=達彦 aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=UedaHitoshi en-aut-sei=Ueda en-aut-mei=Hitoshi kn-aut-name=上田均 kn-aut-sei=上田 kn-aut-mei=均 aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学院社会文化科学研究科 affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Education, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学院教育学研究科 affil-num=7 en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学全学教育・学生支援機構 affil-num=8 en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学全学教育・学生支援機構 affil-num=9 en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学全学教育・学生支援機構 en-keyword=自動採点 (automatic scoring of essays) kn-keyword=自動採点 (automatic scoring of essays) en-keyword=アノテーション (human annotation) kn-keyword=アノテーション (human annotation) en-keyword=採点支援 (supporting system of essay evaluation) kn-keyword=採点支援 (supporting system of essay evaluation) en-keyword=idf kn-keyword=idf en-keyword=neologd kn-keyword=neologd END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=24 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=368 end-page=371 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2018 dt-pub=201803 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=小論文自動採点データ構築と理解力および妥当性評価手法の構築 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OhnoMasayuki en-aut-sei=Ohno en-aut-mei=Masayuki kn-aut-name=大野雅幸 kn-aut-sei=大野 kn-aut-mei=雅幸 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=泉仁宏太 kn-aut-sei=泉仁 kn-aut-mei=宏太 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakeuchiKoichi en-aut-sei=Takeuchi en-aut-mei=Koichi kn-aut-name=竹内孔一 kn-aut-sei=竹内 kn-aut-mei=孔一 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=小畑友也 kn-aut-sei=小畑 kn-aut-mei=友也 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=InadaYoshihiko en-aut-sei=Inada en-aut-mei=Yoshihiko kn-aut-name=稲田佳彦 kn-aut-sei=稲田 kn-aut-mei=佳彦 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=IizukaMasaya en-aut-sei=Iizuka en-aut-mei=Masaya kn-aut-name=飯塚誠也 kn-aut-sei=飯塚 kn-aut-mei=誠也 aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=阿保達彦 kn-aut-sei=阿保 kn-aut-mei=達彦 aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=上田均 kn-aut-sei=上田 kn-aut-mei=均 aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学工学 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学院社会文化科学研究 affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学院教育学研究科 affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学全学教育・学生支援機構 affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=117 cd-vols= no-issue=207 article-no= start-page=47 end-page=51 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=201709 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=A Study of Extracting Related Documents for Essay Evaluation Modules kn-title=小論文採点支援のための関連文書取得法の考察 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=We are developing an automatic Japanese essay-scoring system that is composed of 4 evaluation criteria, comprehensiveness, logical consistency, validity, spelling and grammar. In this paper, we discuss the most powerful approach to extract documents of Wikipedia that relates to the reference texts of the target essay theme for validity evaluation. The reason for using Wikipedia documents for evaluating validity of students’essays is that we assume that validity can be evaluated by the expanded discussions in Wikipedia documents that relates to the essay theme. Experimental results show that the skip-gram based word vector is the best approach to extract relating documents to reference texts among several keyword-based evaluation approaches. kn-abstract=本研究では，小論文採点システムにおいて必要となる小論文に関連した文書を取得する方法を開発した．本研究プロジェクトの自動採点の評価軸の1 つに「妥当性」がある．妥当性の評価手法として，小論文の内容がWikipediaの文書の内容と，どの程度一致しているかを基準に妥当性スコアを算出する方法を考えている．しかし，Wikipediaの文書は多様であり，小論文で取り上げていない議題に関する文書も多く存在する．そこで本論文では小論文ごとに適切な文書を取得する方法を提案する．いくつかの手法を試した結果，単語ベクトルを使用した方法が，関連した文書を獲得することができたことを報告する． en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MotojinKota en-aut-sei=Motojin en-aut-mei=Kota kn-aut-name=泉仁宏太 kn-aut-sei=泉仁 kn-aut-mei=宏太 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakeuchiKoichi en-aut-sei=Takeuchi en-aut-mei=Koichi kn-aut-name=竹内孔一 kn-aut-sei=竹内 kn-aut-mei=孔一 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=OhnoMasayuki en-aut-sei=Ohno en-aut-mei=Masayuki kn-aut-name=大野雅幸 kn-aut-sei=大野 kn-aut-mei=雅幸 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=InadaYoshihiko en-aut-sei=Inada en-aut-mei=Yoshihiko kn-aut-name=稲田佳彦 kn-aut-sei=稲田 kn-aut-mei=佳彦 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=IizukaMasaya en-aut-sei=Iizuka en-aut-mei=Masaya kn-aut-name=飯塚誠也 kn-aut-sei=飯塚 kn-aut-mei=誠也 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AboTatsuhiko en-aut-sei=Abo en-aut-mei=Tatsuhiko kn-aut-name=阿保達彦 kn-aut-sei=阿保 kn-aut-mei=達彦 aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=UedaHitoshi en-aut-sei=Ueda en-aut-mei=Hitoshi kn-aut-name=上田均 kn-aut-sei=上田 kn-aut-mei=均 aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=8 en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 en-keyword=小論文の自動採点 (Automatic scoring of answers of essay-writing tests) kn-keyword=小論文の自動採点 (Automatic scoring of answers of essay-writing tests) en-keyword=単語ベクトル (Word vector) kn-keyword=単語ベクトル (Word vector) en-keyword=Skip-gram kn-keyword=Skip-gram en-keyword=Wikipedia kn-keyword=Wikipedia END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=23 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=839 end-page=842 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=201703 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=小論文の自動採点に向けたオープンな基本データの構築 および現段階での自動採点手法の評価 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TakeuchiKoichi en-aut-sei=Takeuchi en-aut-mei=Koichi kn-aut-name=竹内孔一 kn-aut-sei=竹内 kn-aut-mei=孔一 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=大野雅幸 kn-aut-sei=大野 kn-aut-mei=雅幸 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name= en-aut-sei= en-aut-mei= kn-aut-name=泉仁宏太 kn-aut-sei=泉仁 kn-aut-mei=宏太 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=InadaYoshihiko en-aut-sei=Inada en-aut-mei=Yoshihiko kn-aut-name=稲田佳彦 kn-aut-sei=稲田 kn-aut-mei=佳彦 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=IizukaMasaya en-aut-sei=Iizuka en-aut-mei=Masaya kn-aut-name=飯塚誠也 kn-aut-sei=飯塚 kn-aut-mei=誠也 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AboTatsuhiko en-aut-sei=Abo en-aut-mei=Tatsuhiko kn-aut-name=阿保達彦 kn-aut-sei=阿保 kn-aut-mei=達彦 aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=UedaHitoshi en-aut-sei=Ueda en-aut-mei=Hitoshi kn-aut-name=上田均 kn-aut-sei=上田 kn-aut-mei=均 aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学工学部 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学工学部 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学院社会文化科学研究科 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学院教育学研究科 affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学全学教育・学生支援機構 affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院自然科学研究科 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=44 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=1 end-page=23 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=20121001 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Political-Economic Situation and the Financial Condition of Local Governments in Poland kn-title=ポーランド経済の成長と地方自治政策および地方自治体の財政状況 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This paper conducts a critical analysis on the political-economic situation of Poland and the current financial condition of the Polish local governments. Poland was the only country in the EU that avoided recession in 2009, i.e. just after the financial crisis it the world in 2008. While a number of studies suggest that the strong exports and individual consumption expenditures have been supporting the economy, they tend to miss the crucial fact that local government finance in the country is relatively well-balanced, and it became one of the factors of the economic stability. Aiming at examining such curious steadiness of the Polish local governments, this paper first focuses on the political and economic situation in Poland to understand the background of the financial condition of the local governments. Secondly, the system of local autonomy and its changes will be reviewed. Thirdly, the paper outlines the current political situation of the country, particularly the outcome of the general election held in 2012. Different regional strategies of the major political parties will be analyzed as well. Finally, the condition of local government finance will be examined to clarify their problems and challenges. From the analysis of this paper, the following points will be elucidated: (1) The solid economic performance has been maintained in Poland even after the global economic crisis. (2) The disparity of economic growth by prefecture and the disparity of the domestic product per capita by prefecture both show observable trend of its increase. (3) There is a big difference in the regional policy between the two major political parties in the country. The ruling party, the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska; PO), bases its policy on the EU cohesion fund and adopts the economic growth model, in which the economies of metropolises are the engine to lead the country’s economy. On the other hand, the main opposition party, Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość; PiS), sets the liquidation of domestic disparities based on the “Polish” policies as its main goal. (4) The local government system of Poland is characterized by the great authority of commune (gmina) and the securing of tax revenue by the state. This model has been ensuring financial stability of the local government. (5) Many state-owned real estates have been changed to come under local government ownership during the period of systemic transformation. The incomes from the real estates and gains upon their sale have been contributing to the stability of local government finance. (6) Local governments have been one of the factors of Poland’s stable growth. However, many local governments recently started to fall into deficit. The causes of the deficit are as follows: a slowdown in tax revenues due to the recession; the falling real estate prices, the rising prices of construction materials for public works; the rising energy prices; and natural disasters that occur frequently in recent years. (7) The reduction policy of the state budget, directly bound up with the tighter condition of local government finance, as well as the decrease of financial supports from the EU Cohesion Fund and its related cuts in budgets for public works, has a negative impact on the local economy. They consequently affect the growth of the Polish economy to cause its slowing down. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=42 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=21 end-page=45 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20100910 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Mechanizm upadku socjalistycznego systemu gospodarczego en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In this article, I will try to present the mechanism of the collapse of the socialist economic system based on empirical analysis of reforms of the Polish socialist economy. In Poland, there were several attempts to carry out economic reforms, but in most cases, the experiments failed. I therefore examined why the reforms failed, and why reform ultimately stalled in deadlock. I focused on the stiffness of basic architecture of the “traditional” system, the structural cyclicity of the reforms, the political limits of deepening of socialist reforms, compatibility and interactivity between the platform of the system and functioning mechanisms. Reasons for inability to build an effective system through reform of the socialist economy can be traced back to the rigidity of the platform. The logic wove into the basic architecture withdraw the functioning mechanism, which was partially improved in order to fit the environment, to the original logic. This rigidity of the platform formed cyclicity of the economic reform. Therefore, the system does not function efficiently if the platform is not essentially replaced. However, the basic architecture of the platform is an ideological base of the socialist system, and changing this lead to the denial of socialism. These are the limitations of economic reforms in the socialist system. This inflexibility also caused the collapse of the system and it inevitably led to the systemic transformation. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=41 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=47 end-page=54 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2010 dt-pub=20100331 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Arkadiusz Tarnowski, Polska i Japonia 1989-2004. Stosunki polityczne, gospodarcze i kulturalne (Poland & Japan 1989-2004. Political, Economic, Cultural Relations). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TRIO, 2009, 544pp. kn-title=書評 アルカディウシュ・タルノフスキ『ポーランドと日本 1989-2004 政治、経済、文化関係』 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=40 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=83 end-page=90 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2008 dt-pub=20081210 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=The Report of the Polish Office of the Committee for European Integration. "4 Years of Poland's Membership in the EU" −Translation and Comments (2)− kn-title=ポーランド欧州統合委員会評価レポート 「ポーランドEU 加盟の４年間」（要約とコメント後半） en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=ポーランドの欧州統合委員会（Urz d Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej : UKIE）は２００８年６月、１４５ページにおよぶ「ポーランドEU 加盟の４年間欧州連合加盟による社会・経済的利益とコストのバランスシート（２００４年５月１日～２００８年５月１日）」（"4 lata cz onkostwa Polski w UE. Bilans korzysci i kosztów spo eczno−gospodarczych zwi zanych z cz onkostwem w Unii Europejskiej. 1 maja 2004 r.− 1 maja 2008 r ."）を発表した。ポーランドの欧州統合委員会は、毎年こうした評価レポートを発表している。しかし、今回のレポートが対象としている期間（２００４年５月１日～２００８年５月１日）には、失業率の大幅低下、労働移民の拡大、シェンゲン協定の適用など、ポーランドのEU 加盟を評価し今後の展望を考える上で重要な要素が含まれている。そこで、この評価レポートの内容を紹介しながら、ポイントを分析したい。 en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=40 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=49 end-page=60 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2008 dt-pub=20080910 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=The Report of the Polish Office of the Committee for European Integration. "4 Years of Poland's Membership in the EU" −Translation and Comments (1)− kn-title=ポーランド欧州統合委員会評価レポート 「ポーランドEU加盟の4年間」要約とコメント(前半) en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=ポーランドの欧州統合委員会（Urz d Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej : UKIE）は２００８年６月、１４５ページにおよぶ「ポーランドEU 加盟の４年間欧州連合加盟による社会・経済的利益とコストのバランスシート（２００４年５月１日～２００８年５月１日）」（"4 lata cz onkostwa Polski w UE. Bilans korzysci i kosztów spo eczno−gospodarczych zwi zanych z cz onkostwem w Unii Europejskiej. 1 maja 2004 r.− 1 maja 2008 r ."）を発表した。ポーランドの欧州統合委員会は、毎年こうした評価レポートを発表している。しかし、今回のレポートが対象としている期間（２００４年５月１日～２００８年５月１日）には、失業率の大幅低下、労働移民の拡大、シェンゲン協定の適用など、ポーランドのEU 加盟を評価し今後の展望を考える上で重要な要素が含まれている。そこで、この評価レポートの内容を紹介しながら、ポイントを分析したい。 en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=6 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=45 end-page=58 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2008 dt-pub=2008 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Regional Disparity Problem and Its Structure in the East Region of EU kn-title=EU東部地域の地域格差問題とその構造 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=本稿は､EU東部地域の経済格差の現状をＥＵ中心部との比較､また国内における県別の比較を行い､その構造を明らかにするものである｡ 1997年 7月に欧州委員会は｢アジェンダ2000｣を発表した｡これによって､ポーランドを含む旧東欧 5カ国およびキプロスの先行加盟が準備され始める｡こうした動きに並行して､コソヴォ紛争の深刻化などに伴い､ＥＵは｢拡大によるＥＵの安定化｣志向を強めることとなる｡最終的には､2004年に10ヵ国､2007年に 2ヵ国が新規に加盟した｡ ＥＵ東方拡大は､全般的にはＥＵの政治的･経済的安定化に貢献したが､しかしながら､地域経済圏拡大はかならずしもクロスボーダーリージョンの安定化につながっているわけではない｡むしろ､ＥＵ拡大によって生じた摩擦や対立もある｡それは､現在ＥＵ内で急速に拡大志向の議論が萎み､｢拡大｣よりは｢深化｣に重点を置く議論が中心になりつつあることにも表れている｡もちろん､その背景には､｢拡大｣が経済圏･文明圏として重要な地域をほぼ包括しつつあること､ＥＵ周辺の政治的混乱が収まりつつあることなどがあるだろう｡しかしその一方で､拡大によって逆に多様性＝不安定要素を取り込んでしまい､その対応に多くの労力と資金がつぎ込まれて､拡大のメリットが十分に享受できないという｢拡大疲れ｣を伴った不満もある｡ 本稿では､経済格差､経済発達の遅れがどの程度のレベルにあるかを､ポーランドを中心に統計的に整理し､その構造を明らかにすることによって､クロスボーダーリージョン安定化を考える上でのひとつの材料としたい。 en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=75 end-page=95 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2007 dt-pub=200706 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Mieczyslaw W. Socha, Bartlomiej Rokicki “Euroregions on the Polish Eastern Border (3) ” kn-title=＜翻訳＞ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ，バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョン（３） en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=本稿は，ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ（Mieczys aw W. Socha）教授（ワルシャワ大学経済学部マクロ経済・外国貿易理論講座），バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ（Bartlomiej Rikicki）氏（ワルシャワ大学経済学部博士課程院生）の共著による「ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョ（Euroregiony na wschodniej granicy Polski）」（Feb．，２００５，mimeo）の翻訳である。これは，文部科学省科学研究費補助金研究「ノーザンディメンション－拡大EU とスラブ圏の域際交流の拡大によるヨーロッパ経済空間の再編－」（基盤研究B，課題番号１６３３００５２），研究代表者：立正大学経済学部・蓮見雄）の基礎研究として執筆された報告書の翻訳である。 はじめに 1.EU におけるトランスボーダーリージョン間協力発展の必要性の理論的根拠 2.EU のトランスボーダーリージョン 3.ユーロリージョン活動における INTERREGIIIの役割(以上,第38巻第2号) 4.ポーランド東部地域を含むユーロリージョン a.ユーロリージョン・バルト b.ユーロリージョン・ブグ c.ユーロリージョン・カルパチア d.ユーロリージョン・ウィナ=ワヴァ e.ユーロリージョン・ニエメン f.ユーロリージョン・ビャウォヴィエジャ原生林 5.ポーランド東部諸県の経済の特徴 (以上,第38巻第3号) 6.ベラルーシ,ロシア,ウクライナ地域の特徴 a.ベラルーシ b.カリーニングラード州 c.ウクライナ 7.実証的調査の方法(省略) en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=38 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=57 end-page=89 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Mieczys aw W. Socha, Bart omiej Rokicki “Euroregions on the Polish Eastern Border (2)” kn-title=翻訳 ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ,バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョン(2) en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=本稿は，ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ（Mieczys aw W. Socha）教授（ワルシャワ大学経済学部マクロ経済・外国貿易理論講座），バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ（Bart omiej Rokicki）氏（ワルシャワ大学経済学部博士課程院生）の共著による「ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョン（Euroregiony na wschodniej granicy Polski）」（Feb., 2005, mimeo）の翻訳である。これは，文部科学省科学研究費補助金研究「ノーザンディメンション－拡大EU とスラブ圏の域際交流の拡大によるヨーロッパ経済空間の再編－」（基盤研究B（１），課題番号１６３３００５２），研究代表者：立正大学経済学部・蓮見雄）の基礎研究として執筆された報告書の翻訳である。４．ポーランド東部地域を含むユーロリージョン ａ．ユーロリージョン・バルト ｂ．ユーロリージョン・ブグ ｃ．ユーロリージョン・カルパチア ｄ．ユーロリージョン・ウィナ＝ワヴァ ｅ．ユーロリージョン・ニエメン ｆ．ユーロリージョン・ビャウォヴィエジャ原生林 ５．ポーランド東部諸県の経済の特徴 （以上，本号） en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=38 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=147 end-page=159 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200609 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Mieczys aw W. Socha, Bart omiej Rokicki “Euroregions on the Polish Eastern Berder (1)” kn-title=翻訳 ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ,バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョン(1) en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=本稿は，ミェチスワフ・W・ソハ（Mieczys aw W. Socha）教授（ワルシャワ大学経済学部マクロ経済・外国貿易理論講座），バルトゥウォミェイ・ロキツキ（Bart omiej Rokicki）氏（ワルシャワ大学経済学部博士課程院生）の共著による「ポーランド東部国境地帯のユーロリージョン（Euroregiony na wschodniej granicy Polski）」（Feb., 2005, mimeo）の翻訳である。これは，文部科学省科学研究費補助金研究「ノーザンディメンション－拡大EU とスラブ圏の域際交流の拡大によるヨーロッパ経済空間の再編－」（基盤研究B（１），課題番号１６３３００５２），研究代表者：立正大学経済学部・蓮見雄）の基礎研究として執筆された報告書の翻訳である。はじめに １．EU におけるトランスボーダーリージョン間協力発展の必要性の理論的根拠 ２．EU のトランスボーダーリージョン ３．ユーロリージョン活動におけるINTERREGⅢの役割 （以上，本号） en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=37 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=137 end-page=143 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2005 dt-pub=20051210 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Hiroshi Tanaka. Economics of Accession to the EU and Transition. Minervashobo, 2005. kn-title=書評 田中宏『EU加盟と移行の経済学』ミネルヴァ書房,2005年,273pp.+3. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=37 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=1 end-page=17 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2005 dt-pub=20050910 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=The Rise of Interventionism in Interwar Poland −Etatism as a Development Strategy− kn-title=両大戦間期ポーランドにおける国家主義の台頭－成長戦略としてのエタティズム－ en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Introducing the discussions and practices of Polish etatism in 1930's, this article presents the historical process that the state control was strengthened and etatism became a main development strategy of the Polish government. One of the main problems of the economic policy of interwar Poland was economic backwardness and stagnation. The economic liberalism was a main current of economic ideology in the government (as an at least official standpoint), as well as the industrial world and academic circles. However, the economic liberalism and the political democratization couldn't solve these economic problems. The political situation was stabilized by Pilsudski's Coup D'etat, but the economic structural problem was still left (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 introduces arguments about interventionism and the controversy over an economic planning. The thoughts of an economic planning of the Polish Communist Party of Poland (KPP), the Polish cooperatism, the economic calculation debate, and the development policy of technocrats, would be worth paying attention. The so called "April Constitution" (1935) and the Great Depression (1929−1935) are analyzed in Chapters 3 and Chapter 4. The Great Depression shook the trust in market and the fundamental idea of economic liberalism. In 1935, new constitution was promulgated, and the president got a strong authority. Such a situation strengthened the tendency to etatism. In Chapter 5, the Central Industrial Region (COP) constructed on the base of etatistic ideology is empirically analyzed. It seemed effective not only in temporary economic stabilization, but in structural change of Polish economy that stands in long−term perspective. However, the construction of the Central Industrial Region was interrupted by World War II. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=37 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=149 end-page=170 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2005 dt-pub=20050610 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Grzegorz W. Kolodko 'Institutions, Policy and Growth', 2004. kn-title=翻訳 グジェゴシュ W. コウォトコ『制度,政策と経済成長』 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=経済成長の必要条件およびその可能性について，議論がほぼ出し尽されたので―これはポーランドに関しても同様（Kolodko 2002b and 2002c ; Noga 2004）―，ここで改めて社会の機能と発展にとって決定的に重要ないくつかの点について再考することは有益であろう。とりわけ，楽観的に立つ論者－根拠が説得的であることを望むが（Kolodko 2001）－がいる一方，同様に合理的な根拠から悲観的になりがちな論者（Główczyk 2003 ; Podkaminer 2004）がいるような場合はなおさらである。本稿では，成長要因，潜在成長率と実際の成長率との間の乖離の原因について論じる。とりわけ，市場経済制度の構造および機能と，そのフレームワークの中で採られる政策や政策手段の効率性との間の相互作用に関し，それが長期における生産量の変動にどのような影響を与えるかという視点からいくつかの問題を取り上げたい。様々な論点が考えられるが，少なくともそのいくつかはより注意深く検討する価値があろう。 en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=YoshizakiTomoko en-aut-sei=Yoshizaki en-aut-mei=Tomoko kn-aut-name=吉崎知子 kn-aut-sei=吉崎 kn-aut-mei=知子 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=ワルシャワ大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=36 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=69 end-page=84 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2005 dt-pub=20050310 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Mechanism of the Polish External Debt Accumulation in 1970's kn-title=1970年代ポーランドにおける対外債務累積のメカニズム en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In this paper, the author clarifies the mechanism of the Polish external debt accumulation in 1970's which had become one of the causes of the system collapse. A basic strategy of 70's economic development was　established at the 6th Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party　(PZPR) held in 1971. The system reform in　full scale started in 1973 based on this strategy. On the other hand, economic growth was at the peak in 1973. It　decelerated afterwards, and a lot of economic difficulties were already caused in 1974. And the system reform　was frustrated. Though the "economic adjustment" was introduced in 1976, the external debt accumulated rapidly, and the national income produced recorded negative growth in 1979. Finally, the financial crunch and the external debt crisis were generated. A Polish socialist system became dysfunction, and the system collapsed in 1989. The cause to which the external debt accumulates is as follows : (1) soft control of the foreign currency management in the relatively centralized economic system, (2) inefficient production system caused by the price distortion, (3) failure of domestic industry policy, especially agricultural policy. The following reform was necessary to solve these problems : (1) introduction of profit and loss account based on market prices, (2) bankruptcy processing of enterprise which loses solvency　of external debt, (3) activation of private farms. However, it is a solution which obviously contradicts the socialistic principles. In such a meaning, the failure of the economic policy and the system design in 1970's could be the begining of the end of the Polish socialist system. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=33 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=35 end-page=51 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2001 dt-pub=20010610 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=The Failure of Democratization and Economic Liberalism in Poland in the Interwar Period kn-title=両大戦間期ポーランドにおける民主化と経済的自由主義政策の挫折 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This article is to analyze the reasons of the failure of democratization and economic liberalism in Poland in the interwar period. Poland had failed to establish assembly democracy and a liberal market economy system, which allowed the Pilsudski's coup d'etat and etatism (economic interventionism of the state) to become dominant. This article will attempt to show why the Polish liberal economic policy collapsed and what political and economic conditions were instrumental to the rapid growth of authoritarianism by analyzing not only the economic aspects but the relationship between the parliament, government and president, etc. The economic liberalization and democratization tried out in newborn Poland successively failed due to the immature political bodies, conflict among the parliament, president and government, and the immature market. The administration established after the coup d'etat of Pilsudski was backed up by the worldwide economic recovery and stabilized economic situations of the mid twenties, but not able to take any effective measures against the world financial crisis post 1929. During the 20 years of the interwar period, economic liberalism was always in the mainstream of economic policy, but there was no positive and strong ideology in the background of the appearance of etatism. The market was too feeble to support the unstable Polish economy, and under those conditions, strong intervention by the state in the economy could not be avoided. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=29 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=159 end-page=173 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1997 dt-pub=19970605 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Marek Mazur Some Remarks on the Development of the Polish Banking System kn-title=マレック・マズール（Marek Mazur）ポーランド銀行セクターの発展と諸課題 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This is a translation of the paper (mimeo) written by Mark Mazur, the economic adviser to the Deputy of the Minister of Finance in Poland. The subject of considerations in this paper is the development of the Polish banking system and its current problems. The banking sector in Poland is in the process of restructuring and development. State banks have been privatized and financially restructured. Many small banks have established. On the other side, banking sector has been affected by diffictlties asocciated with the period of transformation to a market economy. The author analizes the process and its problems from the viewpoints of credibility, quality, of service, competition, privatization and consolidation. The author indicates; decreasing trend of bad dubts, passive financing activities of banks to private sector and inclination to investment into the state bonds, regional and segmental monopolization of the main banks, and difficulties in the process of consolidation. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=28 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=91 end-page=122 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=19960605 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Polish System Transformation and Its Implication for the Technical Terms for Social Sciences kn-title=ポーランドにおける体制転換と専門用語をめぐる諸問題 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This note refers to recent problems of the technical terms used in the social sciences in Poland. The current system transformation process in Poland has a great influence upon the political, economic and social life. Many new technical terms are flowing into Poland with the progress of the radical transformation of the system. In part one, the author presents the general situation of the inflow of the words of foreign origin, the occurence of the new words and concepts in connection with the change of economic relations, the social life and the basic ideology of society. Part two is an introduction of new Polish basic dictionaries, other dictionaries of technical terms for social sciences, and the new texts of economics. The author also makes some comments on these dicitionaries and texts. This note is an attempt to make clear the main problems of current Polsh language for the editing work on "The Polish-Japanese-English Dictionary of Political Economic Terms". en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Taguchi en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name=田口雅弘 kn-aut-sei=田口 kn-aut-mei=雅弘 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END