start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=30 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=dsad015 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2023 dt-pub=20230616 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Genetic basis of lineage-specific evolution of fruit traits in hexaploid persimmon en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Frequent polyploidization events in plants have led to the establishment of many lineage-specific traits representing each species. Little is known about the genetic bases for these specific traits in polyploids, presumably due to plant genomic complexity and their difficulties in applying genetic approaches. Hexaploid Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki) has evolved specific fruit characteristics, including wide variations in fruit shapes and astringency. In this study, using whole-genome diploidized/quantitative genotypes from ddRAD-Seq data of 173 persimmon cultivars, we examined their population structures and potential correlations between their structural transitions and variations in nine fruit traits. The population structures of persimmon cultivars were highly randomized and not substantially correlated with the representative fruit traits focused on in this study, except for fruit astringency. With genome-wide association analytic tools considering polyploid alleles, we identified the loci associated with the nine fruit traits; we mainly focused on fruit-shape variations, which have been numerically characterized by principal component analysis of elliptic Fourier descriptors. The genomic regions that putatively underwent selective sweep exhibited no overlap with the loci associated with these persimmon-specific fruit traits. These insights will contribute to understanding the genetic mechanisms by which fruit traits are independently established, possibly due to polyploidization events. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=HoriuchiAyano en-aut-sei=Horiuchi en-aut-mei=Ayano kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MasudaKanae en-aut-sei=Masuda en-aut-mei=Kanae kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShirasawaKenta en-aut-sei=Shirasawa en-aut-mei=Kenta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=OnoueNoriyuki en-aut-sei=Onoue en-aut-mei=Noriyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuzakiRyusuke en-aut-sei=Matsuzaki en-aut-mei=Ryusuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaoRyutaro en-aut-sei=Tao en-aut-mei=Ryutaro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Kazusa DNA Research Institute kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=fruit shape kn-keyword=fruit shape en-keyword=astringency kn-keyword=astringency en-keyword=polyploid kn-keyword=polyploid en-keyword=population structure kn-keyword=population structure en-keyword=GWAS kn-keyword=GWAS END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=13 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=918226 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2022 dt-pub=20220713 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Examining the Role of Low Temperature in Satsuma Mandarin Fruit Peel Degreening via Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Peel degreening is the most conspicuous aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruits because of its importance for marketability. In this study, peel degreening in response to propylene (an ethylene analog) and at varying storage temperatures was characterized in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit. Propylene treatment triggered rapid peel degreening (within 4-6 days), indicated by an increase in the citrus color index (CCI) and chlorophyll loss. Peel degreening was also observed in fruit at 10 degrees C and 15 degrees C after 28-42 days, with gradual CCI increase and chlorophyll reduction. However, fruit at 5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 25 degrees C remained green, and no substantial changes in peel CCI and chlorophyll content were recorded during the 42-day storage duration. The transcriptomes of peels of fruit treated with propylene for 4 days and those stored at varying temperatures for 28 days were then analyzed by RNA-Seq. We identified three categories of differentially expressed genes that were regulated by (i) propylene (and by analogy, ethylene) alone, (ii) low temperature (5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, or 15 degrees C vs. 25 degrees C) alone, and (iii) either propylene or low temperature. Gene-encoding proteins associated with chlorophyll degradation (such as CuSGR1, CuNOL, CuACD2, CuCAB2, and CuLHCB2) and a transcription factor (CuERF114) were differentially expressed by propylene or low temperature. To further examine temperature-induced pathways, we also monitored gene expression during on-tree fruit maturation vs. postharvest. The onset of on-tree peel degreening coincided with autumnal drops in field temperatures, and it was accompanied by differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. On the contrary, genes that were exclusively regulated by propylene (such as CuCOPT1 and CuPOX-A2) displayed insignificant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. These findings indicate that low temperatures could be involved in the fruit ripening-related peel degreening independently of ethylene. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MitaloOscar W. en-aut-sei=Mitalo en-aut-mei=Oscar W. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsicheWilliam O. en-aut-sei=Asiche en-aut-mei=William O. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KangSeung W. en-aut-sei=Kang en-aut-mei=Seung W. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=EzuraHiroshi en-aut-sei=Ezura en-aut-mei=Hiroshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=chlorophyll kn-keyword=chlorophyll en-keyword=citrus kn-keyword=citrus en-keyword=degreening kn-keyword=degreening en-keyword=ethylene kn-keyword=ethylene en-keyword=RNA-Seq kn-keyword=RNA-Seq en-keyword=on-tree kn-keyword=on-tree en-keyword=storage kn-keyword=storage END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=91 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2022 dt-pub=2022 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Deep Learning Predicts Rapid Over-softening and Shelf Life in Persimmon Fruits en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In contrast to the progress in the research on physiological disorders relating to shelf life in fruit crops, it has been difficult to non-destructively predict their occurrence. Recent high-tech instruments have gradually enabled non-destructive predictions for various disorders in some crops, while there are still issues in terms of efficiency and costs. Here, we propose application of a deep neural network (or simply deep learning) to simple RGB images to predict a severe fruit disorder in persimmon, rapid over-softening. With 1,080 RGB images of ‘Soshu’ persimmon fruits, three convolutional neural networks (CNN) were examined to predict rapid over-softened fruits with a binary classification and the date to fruit softening. All of the examined CNN models worked successfully for binary classification of the rapid over-softened fruits and the controls with > 80% accuracy using multiple criteria. Furthermore, the prediction values (or confidence) in the binary classification were correlated to the date to fruit softening. Although the features for classification by deep learning have been thought to be in a black box by conventional standards, recent feature visualization methods (or “explainable” deep learning) has allowed identification of the relevant regions in the original images. We applied Grad-CAM, Guided backpropagation, and layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), to find early symptoms for CNNs classification of rapid over-softened fruits. The focus on the relevant regions tended to be on color unevenness on the surface of the fruit, especially in the peripheral regions. These results suggest that deep learning frameworks could potentially provide new insights into early physiological symptoms of which researchers are unaware. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SuzukiMaria en-aut-sei=Suzuki en-aut-mei=Maria kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MasudaKanae en-aut-sei=Masuda en-aut-mei=Kanae kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsakumaHideaki en-aut-sei=Asakuma en-aut-mei=Hideaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakeshitaKouki en-aut-sei=Takeshita en-aut-mei=Kouki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=BabaKohei en-aut-sei=Baba en-aut-mei=Kohei kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=UchidaSeiichi en-aut-sei=Uchida en-aut-mei=Seiichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=174 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=111436 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20201229 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Combined signal sequence trap and macroarray analysis identifies genes associated with differential fruit softening characteristics during ripening in European and Chinese pears en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= During ripening, European pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. ‘La France’) fruit undergo dramatic softening in response to increased ethylene production, whereas Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. ‘Yali’) fruit remain firm, despite producing large amounts of ethylene. The molecular basis of this differential softening behavior is not well understood. In this study, we combined a yeast-based signal sequence trap (YSST) and macroarray gene expression analysis to identify putative genes encoding secreted proteins that control pear fruit softening. We identified 22 cDNAs annotated as encoding proteins with diverse cell wall-associated functions that were up- or down-regulated during fruit ripening in ‘La France’. Gene expression analysis in fruit that were treated with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 4 d after the onset of ripening revealed that 16 of the targeted genes are ethylene-regulated, while the others appear to be ethylene independent. Comparative gene expression analyses of ‘La France’ and ‘Yali’ fruit during ripening suggested that four ethylene-regulated cDNAs encoding cell wall modifying proteins, contig 2 (polygalacturonase 3), contig 15 (expansin), contig 19 (expansin) and contig 55 (pectate lyase) contribute to the different softening behaviors of ‘La France’ and ‘Yali’ fruit. Additionally, one ethylene-independent cell wall related gene, contig 36 (expansin), and three genes encoding proteins of unknown function, contigs 1, 13 and contig 75 showed differential expression between ‘La France’ and ‘Yali’ fruit during ripening. The results presented herein represent promising candidates for future functional analysis and elucidation of softening mechanisms. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MwanikiMercy W. en-aut-sei=Mwaniki en-aut-mei=Mercy W. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MitaloOscar W. en-aut-sei=Mitalo en-aut-mei=Oscar W. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=MworiaEric G. en-aut-sei=Mworia en-aut-mei=Eric G. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=OwinoWillis O. en-aut-sei=Owino en-aut-mei=Willis O. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=Hiwasa-TanaseKyoko en-aut-sei=Hiwasa-Tanase en-aut-mei=Kyoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=RoseJocelyn K.C. en-aut-sei=Rose en-aut-mei=Jocelyn K.C. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AokiKoh en-aut-sei=Aoki en-aut-mei=Koh kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=EsumiTomoya en-aut-sei=Esumi en-aut-mei=Tomoya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawaiTakashi en-aut-sei=Kawai en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakanoRyohei en-aut-sei=Nakano en-aut-mei=Ryohei kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Academic Assembly Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Shimane University kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=YSST kn-keyword=YSST en-keyword= ‘La France’ kn-keyword= ‘La France’ en-keyword=‘Yali’ kn-keyword=‘Yali’ en-keyword=Polygalacturonase kn-keyword=Polygalacturonase en-keyword=Expansin kn-keyword=Expansin en-keyword=Pectate lyase kn-keyword=Pectate lyase END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=11 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=567249 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20201222 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Molecular Mechanism Underlying Derepressed Male Production in Hexaploid Persimmon en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Sex expression in plants is often flexible and contributes to the maintenance of genetic diversity within a species. In diploid persimmons (the genus Diospyros), the sexuality is controlled by the Y chromosome-encoded small-RNA gene, OGI, and its autosomal counterpart, MeGI. Hexaploid Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki) evolved more flexible sex expression, where genetically male individuals carrying OGI can produce both male and female flowers (monoecy). This is due to (semi-)inactivation of OGI by the Kali-SINE retrotransposon insertion on the promoter region and the resultant DNA methylations. Instead, flower sex determination in Oriental persimmon is also dependent on DNA methylation states of MeGI. Here, we focused on a cultivar, Kumemaru, which shows stable male flower production. Our results demonstrated that cv. Kumemaru carries OGI with Kali-SINE, which was highly methylated as well as in other monoecious cultivars; nevertheless, OGI gene could have a basal expression level. Transcriptomic analysis between cv. Kumemaru and 14 cultivars that predominantly produce female flowers showed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to cv. Kumemaru, which is mainly involved in stress responses. Co-expression gene networks focusing on the DEGs also suggested the involvement of stress signals, mainly via gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and especially jasmonic acid (JA) signal pathways. We also identified potential regulators of this co-expression module, represented by the TCP4 transcription factor. Furthermore, we attempted to identify cv. Kumemaru-specific transcript polymorphisms potentially contributing to derepressed OGI expression by cataloging subsequences (k-mers) in the transcriptomic reads from cv. Kumemaru and the other 14 female cultivars. Overall, although the direct genetic factor to activate OGI remains to be solved, our results implied the involvement of stress signals in the release of silenced OGI and the resultant continuous male production. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MasudaKanae en-aut-sei=Masuda en-aut-mei=Kanae kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=FujitaNaoko en-aut-sei=Fujita en-aut-mei=Naoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YangHo-Wen en-aut-sei=Yang en-aut-mei=Ho-Wen kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaoRyutaro en-aut-sei=Tao en-aut-mei=Ryutaro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=monoecious kn-keyword=monoecious en-keyword=sex expression kn-keyword=sex expression en-keyword=polyploidy kn-keyword=polyploidy en-keyword=Oriental persimmon kn-keyword=Oriental persimmon en-keyword=co-expression network kn-keyword=co-expression network END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=27 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=dsaa012 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200617 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Genome-wide study on the polysomic genetic factors conferring plasticity of flower sexuality in hexaploid persimmon en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Sexuality is one of the fundamental mechanisms that work towards maintaining genetic diversity within a species. In diploid persimmons (Diospyros spp.), separated sexuality, the presence of separate male and female individuals (dioecy), is controlled by the Y chromosome-encoded small-RNA gene, OGI. On the other hand, sexuality in hexaploid Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is more plastic, with OGI-bearing genetically male individuals, able to produce both male and female flowers (monoecy). This is thought to be linked to the partial inactivation of OGI by a retrotransposon insertion, resulting in DNA methylation of the OGI promoter region. To identify the genetic factors regulating branch sexual conversion, genome-wide correlation/association analyses were conducted using ddRAD-Seq data from an F-1 segregating population, and using both quantitative and diploidized genotypes, respectively. We found that allelic ratio at the Y-chromosomal region, including OGI, was correlated with male conversion based on quantitative genotypes, suggesting that OGI can be activated in cis in a dosage-dependent manner. Genome-wide association analysis based on diploidized genotypes, normalized for the effect of OGI allele dosage, detected three fundamental loci associated with male conversion. These loci underlie candidate genes, which could potentially act epigenetically for the activation of OGI expression. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MasudaKanae en-aut-sei=Masuda en-aut-mei=Kanae kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamamotoEiji en-aut-sei=Yamamoto en-aut-mei=Eiji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShirasawaKenta en-aut-sei=Shirasawa en-aut-mei=Kenta kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=OnoueNoriyuki en-aut-sei=Onoue en-aut-mei=Noriyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KonoAtsushi en-aut-sei=Kono en-aut-mei=Atsushi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=TaoRyutaro en-aut-sei=Tao en-aut-mei=Ryutaro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=HenryIsabelle M. en-aut-sei=Henry en-aut-mei=Isabelle M. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Kazusa DNA Research Institute kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Kazusa DNA Research Institute kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=flexible sexuality kn-keyword=flexible sexuality en-keyword=monoecy kn-keyword=monoecy en-keyword=polyploid kn-keyword=polyploid en-keyword=GWAS kn-keyword=GWAS END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=71 cd-vols= no-issue=16 article-no= start-page=4778 end-page=4796 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200506 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Low temperature modulates natural peel degreening in lemon fruit independently of endogenous ethylene en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Peel degreening is an important aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruit, and previous studies have shown that it can be advanced by ethylene treatment or by low-temperature storage. However, the important regulators and pathways involved in natural peel degreening remain largely unknown. To determine how natural peel degreening is regulated in lemon fruit (Citrus limon), we studied transcriptome and physiochemical changes in the flavedo in response to ethylene treatment and low temperatures. Treatment with ethylene induced rapid peel degreening, which was strongly inhibited by the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Compared with 25 degrees C, moderately low storage temperatures of 5-20 degrees C also triggered peel degreening. Surprisingly, repeated 1-MCP treatments failed to inhibit the peel degreening induced by low temperature. Transcriptome analysis revealed that low temperature and ethylene independently regulated genes associated with chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid metabolism, photosystem proteins, phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling, and transcription factors. Peel degreening of fruit on trees occurred in association with drops in ambient temperature, and it coincided with the differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. In contrast, genes that were uniquely regulated by ethylene showed no significant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that low temperature plays a prominent role in regulating natural peel degreening independently of ethylene in citrus fruit. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MitaloOscar W. en-aut-sei=Mitalo en-aut-mei=Oscar W. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=OtsukiTakumi en-aut-sei=Otsuki en-aut-mei=Takumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkadaRui en-aut-sei=Okada en-aut-mei=Rui kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ObitsuSaeka en-aut-sei=Obitsu en-aut-mei=Saeka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MasudaKanae en-aut-sei=Masuda en-aut-mei=Kanae kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=HojoYuko en-aut-sei=Hojo en-aut-mei=Yuko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuuraTakakazu en-aut-sei=Matsuura en-aut-mei=Takakazu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=MoriIzumi C. en-aut-sei=Mori en-aut-mei=Izumi C. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=AbeDaigo en-aut-sei=Abe en-aut-mei=Daigo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsicheWilliam O. en-aut-sei=Asiche en-aut-mei=William O. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=AkagiTakashi en-aut-sei=Akagi en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshijimaKoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushijima en-aut-mei=Koichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shikoku Research Station kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University kn-affil= en-keyword=1-methylcyclopropene kn-keyword=1-methylcyclopropene en-keyword=carotenoids kn-keyword=carotenoids en-keyword=chlorophyll kn-keyword=chlorophyll en-keyword=Citrus limon kn-keyword=Citrus limon en-keyword=ethylene kn-keyword=ethylene en-keyword=low temperature kn-keyword=low temperature en-keyword=peel degreening kn-keyword=peel degreening en-keyword=phytohormones kn-keyword=phytohormones en-keyword=transcriptome kn-keyword=transcriptome END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=105 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=1 end-page=5 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2016 dt-pub=20160201 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Survey on the undernourished university students who tend to lack breakfast ; a proposal for a novel viewpoint for the improvement kn-title=大学生の朝食欠食習慣の統計解析と改善への新指針 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=This study investigated the current status and causes underneath the life of university students who tend to lack breakfast at a relatively high frequency, and statistical analysis on consequences leading to such lack of well-nourished eating habitat in their university life. In October 2014, self-assessed questionnaires were administered to over 150 faculty students. It contained questions about breakfast habits, time allowance for the morning class, and lunchtime setting in their high school timetable. Breakfast states were clearly separated in three groups : 68% of students regularly have breakfast throughout the weekdays, 21% students skipping the breakfast occasionally, and 11% student no habit for breakfast at all. The survey on the high school lives revealed that 70% students used to have lunch 30 min later than the lunchtime set in the university timetable, 7% of them had the lunch time even more than 1 h later. Lunchtime varies among high schools, and statistical significance was revealed (p<0.01) that schools with higher deviation scores tend have late lunch beyond 12: 30. Accordingly, university students were given directions to prepare for the timetable reform on postulation of having lunch time over one o’clock. After continuous survey on the breakfast habits during the second semester, more than 90% of students established the habit of breakfast regularly in their university lives with the improved consciousness toward well-balanced healthy breakfast contents for their higher level of education quality. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TamuraT. en-aut-sei=Tamura en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name=田村隆 kn-aut-sei=田村 kn-aut-mei=隆 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=IbiT. en-aut-sei=Ibi en-aut-mei=T. kn-aut-name=揖斐隆之 kn-aut-sei=揖斐 kn-aut-mei=隆之 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=InagakiK. en-aut-sei=Inagaki en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name=稲垣賢二 kn-aut-sei=稲垣 kn-aut-mei=賢二 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboY. en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Y. kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkudaK. en-aut-sei=Okuda en-aut-mei=K. kn-aut-name=奥田潔 kn-aut-sei=奥田 kn-aut-mei=潔 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学教務FD 委員会 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学教務FD 委員会 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学教務FD 委員会 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学教務FD 委員会 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学教務FD 委員会 en-keyword=Undernourished students kn-keyword=Undernourished students en-keyword=breakfast kn-keyword=breakfast en-keyword=lunchtime kn-keyword=lunchtime en-keyword=statistical significance kn-keyword=statistical significance END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=84 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=31 end-page=35 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1995 dt-pub=19950201 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Relationship between Glutamate Accumulation and Ethylene Synthesis in Tomato Fruit during Ripening kn-title=トマト果実のグルタミン酸蓄積とエチレンの関係 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=トマト果実の成熟に伴うグルタミン酸蓄積とエチレンとの関係を’Rutgers’、’桃太郎’およびrinを用いて調べた。1.’Rutgers’果実では、追熟に伴ってグルタミン酸含有が急激に増加したが、rin果実ではほとんど変化しなかった。グルタミンとγ-アミノ酪酸含量は両果実ともに追熟に伴って減少した。2.グルタミン酸代謝関連酵素として、グルタミン酸脱水素酵素、グルタミン酸合成酵素およびグルタミン合成酵素の追熟中の活性変化を調べたところ、’Rutgers’およびrin果実ともに高い活性を示した。3.’桃太郎’果実にDACP処理すると、追熟の進行に伴うエチレン生成の増加が抑制され、同時にグルタミン酸の蓄積を誘導しなかったが、6日後には増加した。5.以上のことより、トマト果実の成熟に伴うグルタミン酸の蓄積はエチレン生成によるものではなく、成熟に伴う現象であるように思われた。 kn-abstract=The effect of ethylene on the accumulation of glutamate in the fruit of normal tomato ('Rutgers' and 'Momotaro')and ripening inhibitor mutant (rin) tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) during ripening was investigated.As fruit ripening progresse,glutamate content in the fruit pericarp tissue increased greatly in 'Rutgers' but remained low and constant level in rin tomato.Glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid contents decreased gradually during ripening in both 'Rutgers'and rin fruit.Relatively high activities of glutamate dehydrogease,glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase were detected throughout fruit ripening in both varieties,whereas no relationship was observed between glutamate content and the enzyme activieies.Treatment of 'Momotaro'fruit with diazocyclopentadience,an inhibitro of ethylene action,inhibited the increase in ethylene production and glutamate accumlation which are associated with fruit ripening,suggesting that glutamate accumlation may be mediated through ethylene.However,glumamate content in rin fruit treatde with exogenous ethylene remained low and unchanged uitil after four days.The results indicate that accumulation of glutamete in tomato fruit is likely to be related to the ripening process apart from the direct role of ethylene. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakatsukaAkira en-aut-sei=Nakatsuka en-aut-mei=Akira kn-aut-name=中務明 kn-aut-sei=中務 kn-aut-mei=明 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=ethylene kn-keyword=ethylene en-keyword=glutamic acid kn-keyword=glutamic acid en-keyword=diazocyclopentadiene kn-keyword=diazocyclopentadiene en-keyword=tomato kn-keyword=tomato en-keyword=rin kn-keyword=rin END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=86 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=71 end-page=78 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1997 dt-pub=199702 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Softening Characteristics of Chinese Pear 'Yali' Fruit with Special Relation to Changes in Cell-wall Polysaccharides and their Degrading Enzymes kn-title=チュウゴクナシ‘鴨梨’果実の軟化と細胞壁多糖類およびその分解酵素活性 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=チュウゴクナシ’鴨梨’果実の追熟に伴う、呼吸活性、エチレン生成量、果肉硬度、細胞壁多糖類およびその分解酵素活性の変化をセイヨウナシ’ラ・フランス’と’バートレット’、ニホンナシ’二十世紀’と比較しながら検討し、’鴨梨’の果肉軟化の特徴について考察を加えた。1.ナシ果実の呼吸活性およびエチレン生成量は、’鴨梨’、’ラ・フランス’、’バートレット’はいずれも果実の追熟に伴って増加したが、増加程度は異なった。特に、’鴨梨’のエチレン生成量は多く、特徴的であった。果肉硬度は、’ラ・フランス’と’バートレット’では追熟に伴って急減したが、’鴨梨’と’二十世紀’では低下は緩慢であった。2.ナシの果実のPME活性は、’ラ・フランス’と’バートレット’では果肉の軟化に伴って急減したが、’鴨梨’と’二十世紀’では低レベルで推移した。果実の軟化に伴うPG活性の増加は4品種ともみられたが、その程度は’バートレット’で最も大きく、次いで’ラ・フランス’であり、’鴨梨’と’二十世紀’では小さかった。セルラーゼ活性は、’ラ・フランス’では果肉軟化に伴って急増し、’鴨梨’でもやや増加したが、’二十世紀’と’バートレット’では終始ほとんど認められなかった。3.’ラ・フランス’と’バートレット’では果肉の軟化に伴ってWSPの急増、HPの急減が認められたが、’鴨梨’や’二十世紀’ではWSPの増加やHPの減少はいずれもわずかであった。ヘミセルロース含量は、4品種のいずれでも減少したが、セルロース含量は、’ラ・フランス’のみで急減した。4.チュウゴクナシ’鴨梨’の果肉軟化は、PME、PGおよびセルラーゼなどの酵素によるプロトペクチン、セルロース、およびヘミセルロースなどの細胞壁多糖類の分解に起因するものであるが、これらの酵素活性が他品種に比べて低く、追熟中にプロトペクチンの分解はわずかであるため、外部に対する抵抗力が十分に保持され、このことが果肉軟化が緩慢である原因になっていると思われた。 kn-abstract=The softening characteristics of Chinese pear 'Yali'fruit,based on changes in the rates of respiration and ethylene production,flesh hardness,the content of cell-wall polysacchairides and the activities of their degraging enzymes were determined,in comparison with Japanese pear 'Nijisseiki' and European pears 'la France' and 'Bartlett'.Rates of respiration and ethylene production in 'Yali','la France' and 'Bartlett' fruits increaced with the advance of ripening,showing the most significiant increase of ethylene production in 'Yali' fuit.Decrease of flesh hardness during ripening was rapid in 'la France' and 'Bartlett' fruits,but slow in 'Yali' and 'Nijisseiki' fruits.Though rapid increase of pectinmethylesterase activity in 'la France' and 'Bartlett' fruits was observed with concomitant decrease of hardness,the same activity was maintained at a lower level in 'Yali' and 'Nijissiki' fruits.Increase in polygalacturonase activity during ripening was rapid in 'la France' and 'Bartlett' fruits,Cellulase activity increased with the decrease in flesh hardness in 'la France' and 'Yali' fruits,whereas its increase was slight during ripenig in 'Nijisseiki' and 'Bartlett' fruits.Increase in the content of hydrochloride-soluble pectin during flesh softening were very slight in 'Yali' and 'Nijisseiki' fruits in contrast with their marked evidence in 'la France' and 'Bartlett' furits.From the results obtained above,its seemes that long-term hardness maintenance in Chinese pear 'Yali' fruit during ripenig was due to lower activity by degrading enzymes of cell-wall polysaccharides,compared with those in other pear fruits. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NingBo en-aut-sei=Ning en-aut-mei=Bo kn-aut-name=寧波 kn-aut-sei=寧 kn-aut-mei=波 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=加ト吉 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Chinese pear kn-keyword=Chinese pear en-keyword=ethylene production kn-keyword=ethylene production en-keyword=pectinmethylesterase kn-keyword=pectinmethylesterase en-keyword=polygalacturonase kn-keyword=polygalacturonase en-keyword=cell-wall polysaccharide kn-keyword=cell-wall polysaccharide END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=86 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=61 end-page=69 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1997 dt-pub=199702 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Several Types of Physioligical Response to Different Humidities in Fruits and Vegetables kn-title=湿度条件に対する青果物の生理反応の類型 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=青果物の湿度環境改善の基礎資料として、湿度条件（高湿：93～98％RH,低湿：52～65％RH、20℃または25℃）が63種の青果物の呼吸活性およびエチレン生成に及ぼす影響について調査し、その結果に基づいて類型化を行った。1.呼吸活性によって三つの類型に分かれるように思われる。一つは低湿による呼吸活性促進型青果物であり、バナナ、セイヨウナシ、キウイフルーツなどのクライマクテリック型果実、多くの果菜類、根菜類中の直根類、イモ類などはこの型に属するように思われる。次は低湿による呼吸活性抑制型青果物であり、チュゴクナシ、ニホンナシ、イチゴ、大部分の葉菜類、茸類、花卉類はこの型に属するように思われる。もう一つは低湿・高湿にかかわらず呼吸活性に大きな差がない型青果物であり、ブドウやオレンジはこの型属するように思われる。2.エチレン生成を加味して、さらに細分するとエチレン生成促進型、抑制型、差なし型があるように思われる。3.低湿に伴う水分損失が一つのストレスとなって二次的に生理的反応に結びつくことが考えられ、実際流通中の青果物の取扱いはこのような湿度に対する反応も考慮して適切に対応する必要がある。 kn-abstract=In this paper,effects of relative humidity(RH)on the respiration rate and ethylene production of 63 kinds of fruits and vegetables including flowres were investigated at diffrent humidities of high RH (93-98%)and low RH(52-65%).From the respiratory response to RH,they could be classified into three groups:accelerative,inhibitive and insensitive low RH.The first group included climacteric fruits such as banana,pear and kiwifruit;the majority of the fruit vegetables;and root vegetables such as tap root,tuber and tuberous root.The second group included Chinese pear,Japanese pear,strawberry,the majority of the leaf vegetables,mushrooms and flowres.The third group included grape and orange.Furthermore,by appending endogenous ethylene production at low RH,they could be classified into eight goups from the physiological response to low RH.These results seem to indicate that water deficit stress at low RH was positively correlated their physiology response in secondary order. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=XueYanbin en-aut-sei=Xue en-aut-mei=Yanbin kn-aut-name=薛彦斌 kn-aut-sei=薛 kn-aut-mei=彦斌 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=relative humidity kn-keyword=relative humidity en-keyword=fruits and vegetables kn-keyword=fruits and vegetables en-keyword=wilting ethylene production kn-keyword=wilting ethylene production en-keyword=respiration rate kn-keyword=respiration rate END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=90 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=27 end-page=35 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2001 dt-pub=200102 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=メロンとキュウリのＡＣＣ合成酵素遺伝子の構造的特徴とＧＵＳトランジェントアッセイによるプロモーター活性 kn-title=Structural Characterization of ACC Synthase Genes from Melon and Cucumber and their Promoter Activities Determined by GUS Transient Assay en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=クライマクテリック型果実のメロンとノンクライマクテリック型果実のキュウリの果実追熟に伴う１-アミ ノシクロプロパン-１-カルボン酸（ACC）合成酵素（ACS）遺伝子の発現調節機構の相違を明らかにするた めに，それぞれ２種類のACSのゲムノDNA配列（約２kb）をPCR法を基にして決定した．メロンのACS 遺伝子は，エキソンとイントロンのサイズおよび位置，制限酵素地図，エキソン・イントロン・近位の５’上 流プロモーター領域・スプライシング部位の塩基配列において，それぞれ対応するキュウリのACS遺伝子 とよく似た構造をしていた．サザンブロック解析の結果，各ACS遺伝子はシングルコピーとして存在する と考えられた．CMe-ACS1とCS-ACS1の一過的プロモーター活性をβ-グルクロニダーゼ（GUS）をレポ ーター遺伝子として両果実の成熟果肉を用いて調べた．メロン切片では，CS-ACS1（－2098～＋42）なら びにCMe-ACS1（－2187～＋67）のプロモーター発現によるGUS活性が検出され，エチレン作用阻害剤 の１-メチルシクロプロペン（１-MCP）処理によって減少した．しかし，キュウリ切片においては，CS-ACS1： GUSのみでGUSが発現し，活性は１-MCP処理で減少し，プロピレン処理ではコントロールと同レベル であった．これらの結果より，CS-ACS1のプロモーターがメロン成熟果肉組織で発現する潜在能力をもつ こと，メロンとキュウリの成熟に伴うエチレン生合成の相違はACS1プロモーター活性によるものではなく， 両者のトランス因子合成能の相違によることが示唆された． kn-abstract=In orader to clarify the differences in regulatory mechanism(s) of the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate(ACC) synthase(ACS)genes during ripening in climacteric melon fruit and non-climacteric cucumber fruit, two sets of their genomic DNA sequences, including ca. 2kb of the promoter regions were determined, using PCR-based methods. ACS genes from melon (CMe-ACS1,2) were structurally similar to their counterpart from cucumber (CS-ACS1,2) in terms of size and position of exons and introns, restriction map, and sequencd identity of exeons, introns, proximal 5'-flanking promoter regions and splice junction. Southern blot analysis indicated that each ACS gene is present as a single copy. Transient promoter activity was investigated with two constructs of promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion, CMe-ACS1:GUS and CS-ACS1:GUS, in mature mesocarp tissue of the two fruits. In melon disks, GUS activities conferred by the promoters of both CS-ACS1 (-2098～+42) and CMe-ACS-1(-2187～+67) were detected, which were decreased by treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP), an ethylene action inhibitor. In cucumber disks, however, only CS-ACS1:GUS was expressed; the activity was decreased with 1-MCP, and it was not affected by propylene. These results suggest that the promoter of CS-ACS1 has a potential to be expressed in the mesocarp tissue of ripening melon fruit, and that the difference in ethylene biosynthesis between melon and cucumber during ripening may be due to the difference in capability of forming trans-acting factor(s), not due to their ACS1 promoter activities. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ShiomiShinjiro en-aut-sei=Shiomi en-aut-mei=Shinjiro kn-aut-name=塩見慎次郎 kn-aut-sei=塩見 kn-aut-mei=慎次郎 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=EmiOgura en-aut-sei=Emi en-aut-mei=Ogura kn-aut-name=小倉恵実 kn-aut-sei=小倉 kn-aut-mei=恵実 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamamotoMikihiro en-aut-sei=Yamamoto en-aut-mei=Mikihiro kn-aut-name=山本幹博 kn-aut-sei=山本 kn-aut-mei=幹博 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Cucumis sativus L. kn-keyword=Cucumis sativus L. en-keyword=Cucumis melo L kn-keyword=Cucumis melo L en-keyword=fruit ripening kn-keyword=fruit ripening en-keyword=GUS transient assay kn-keyword=GUS transient assay END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=82 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=49 end-page=59 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1993 dt-pub=1993 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=傷害処理したカボチャ果肉組織から抽出したACC酸化酵素の2,3の性質 kn-title=Partial Characterization of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate　Oxidase from Excised Mesocarp Tissue of Winter Squash Fruit en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ACC to ethylene, the final step of ethylene biosynthesis was extracted from wounded mesocarp tissue of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch. v. Ebisu) fruit. The enzyme was characterized with respect to temperature optima, thermostability, stability in the presence f selected metal ions and alkylating agents, and Km value for ACC. 　　ACC oxidase requires Fe2+ as a co-factor and maximum activity was achieved using Fe2+ at 20uM in the reaction mixture. The enzyme was activated by C02 and inclusion of C02 in the reaction mixture increased the apparent Km value of the enzyme with respect to ACC. The enzyme exhibited apparent Km values for ACC of 147uM in air and 454 uM in the presence of 5 % C02. ACC oxidase was partially inactivated by ACC during its catalytic action. The enzyme had maximum activity at 30℃ and its activity was almost completely lost m the presence of Ag+, C02+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. The alkylating agents, iodoacetamide and iodoacetic acid partially inhibited and almost completely abolished ACC oxidase activity respectively, thereby suggesting requirement of sulfhydryl groups for ACC oxidase activity. Following excision of the mesocarp tissue, the increase in in vivo ACC oxidase activity was accompanied by a concomitant increase in in vitro ACC oxidase activity. 　The results support and extend previous observations and indicate that the solubilized enzyme is indeed ACC oxidase and resembles the physiological ACC oxidase in several aspects. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MathookoFrancis Mutiso en-aut-sei=Mathooko en-aut-mei=Francis Mutiso kn-aut-name=マソホーコフランシス・ムティーソ kn-aut-sei=マソホーコ kn-aut-mei=フランシス・ムティーソ aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=カボチャ kn-keyword=カボチャ en-keyword=果肉組織 kn-keyword=果肉組織 en-keyword=ACC酸化酵素 kn-keyword=ACC酸化酵素 en-keyword=性質 kn-keyword=性質 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=73 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=27 end-page=33 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1989 dt-pub=1989 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Effect of High CO2 plus Low O2 Condition on Respiration in Several Fruits and Vegetables kn-title=高濃度炭酸ガスと低濃度酸素条件が青果物の呼吸活性に及ぼす影響 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=高CO2+低O2環境での各種青果物のO2吸収量を自作のコンピュータ制御自動呼吸計測装置を用いて測定した.トウモロコシとモモでは,それぞれ80 % CO2+20 % Airと90 % CO2+10 % Air下で,空気下と比較して呼吸活性が顕著に抑制された.キュウリとウンシュウミカンでも高CO2+Air条件による呼吸活性の抑制がみられた.カキと緑熟バナナでは,80 % CO2+20 % Airによる呼吸活性の抑制はほとんどみられなかった.一方,レタスとホウレンソウでは高CO2処理により,逆に呼吸活性が徐々に促進された. O2濃度を20 % に保った状態で60 % CO2処理すると,ウンシュウミカンでは呼吸活性の抑制はみられなくなったが,レタスでは呼吸活性がやはり促進された.これらのことから,従来から考えられている高CO2の呼吸抑制作用には疑問があるように思われた. 25 ℃ では高CO2+Air処理によって呼吸活性が変動する青果物でも,15 ℃ 以下の温度では変動しない場合が多かった.したがって,ガス環境に対する青果物の反応は温度依存性を持つように思われた。 en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KuboYasutaka en-aut-sei=Kubo en-aut-mei=Yasutaka kn-aut-name=久保康隆 kn-aut-sei=久保 kn-aut-mei=康隆 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=InabaAkitsugu en-aut-sei=Inaba en-aut-mei=Akitsugu kn-aut-name=稲葉昭次 kn-aut-sei=稲葉 kn-aut-mei=昭次 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KiyasuHidenobu en-aut-sei=Kiyasu en-aut-mei=Hidenobu kn-aut-name=喜安英伸 kn-aut-sei=喜安 kn-aut-mei=英伸 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamuraReinosuke en-aut-sei=Nakamura en-aut-mei=Reinosuke kn-aut-name=中村怜之輔 kn-aut-sei=中村 kn-aut-mei=怜之輔 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 END