start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=21 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=316 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2021 dt-pub=20210604 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=The effect of Humanitude care methodology on improving empathy: a six-year longitudinal study of medical students in Japan en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background
Empathy, which involves understanding another person's experiences and concerns, is an important component for developing physicians' overall competence. This longitudinal study was designed to test the hypothesis that medical students' empathy can be enhanced and sustained by Humanitude Care Methodology, which focuses on perception, emotion and speech.

Methods
This six-year longitudinal observational study examined 115 students who entered Okayama University Medical School in 2013. The study participants were exposed to two empathy-enhancing programs: (1) a communication skills training program (involving medical interviews) and (2) a Humanitude training program aimed at enhancing their empathy. They completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) seven times: when they entered medical school, before participation in the first program (medical interview), immediately after the first program, before the second program (Humanitude exercise), immediately after the second program, and in the 5th and 6th year (last year) of medical school. A total of 79 students (69% of the cohort) completed all seven test administrations of the JSE.

Results
The mean JSE scores improved significantly after participation in the medical interview program (p<0.01) and the Humanitude training program (p=0.001). However, neither program showed a sustained effect.

Conclusions
The Humanitude training program as well as medical interview training program, had significant short-term positive effects for improving empathy among medical students. Additional reinforcements may be necessary for a long-term sustained effect. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=FukuyasuYusuke en-aut-sei=Fukuyasu en-aut-mei=Yusuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KataokaHitomi U. en-aut-sei=Kataoka en-aut-mei=Hitomi U. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=HondaMiwako en-aut-sei=Honda en-aut-mei=Miwako kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=IwaseToshihide en-aut-sei=Iwase en-aut-mei=Toshihide kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=OgawaHiroko en-aut-sei=Ogawa en-aut-mei=Hiroko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SatoMasaru en-aut-sei=Sato en-aut-mei=Masaru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeMayu en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Mayu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=FujiiChikako en-aut-sei=Fujii en-aut-mei=Chikako kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=WadaJun en-aut-sei=Wada en-aut-mei=Jun kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=DeSantisJennifer en-aut-sei=DeSantis en-aut-mei=Jennifer kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=HojatMohammadreza en-aut-sei=Hojat en-aut-mei=Mohammadreza kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=GonnellaJoseph S. en-aut-sei=Gonnella en-aut-mei=Joseph S. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Okayama University Hospital Center for Diversity and Inclusion kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Geriatric Research Division, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Okayama University Hospital Center for Diversity and Inclusion kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University kn-affil= en-keyword=Empathy kn-keyword=Empathy en-keyword=Humanitude kn-keyword=Humanitude en-keyword=Medical education kn-keyword=Medical education END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=127 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=13 end-page=17 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2015 dt-pub=20150401 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Okayama University Survey of the current situation of community-based medical facilities supported by part-time work by physicians kn-title=岡山大学勤務医師による非常勤勤務を通した地域医療支援の現状調査 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= We investigated the situation of how physicians at Okayama University support local medical institutions by serving as a part-time worker, and analyzed the difference between the five medical districts of Okayama prefecture and other prefectures. Many physicians (actual number of physicians, full-time equivalent number of physicians) served in the southeastern region of the Okayama prefecture (339, 82.2). On the other hand, fewer physicians (42, 11.4) served in Takahashi・Niimi in the northwestern region of Okayama. Many physicians also served in Hiroshima prefecture (193, 48.8), Hyogo prefecture (109, 26.7), and the four prefectures of Shikoku Island (81, 23.6).  It has been clarified that many physicians at Okayama University are working on a part-time basis to support local and community medical institutions in the wide area of Okayama prefecture, Hiroshima prefecture, Hyogo prefecture and the four prefectures of Shikoku Island. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TeshigawaraSanae en-aut-sei=Teshigawara en-aut-mei=Sanae kn-aut-name=勅使川早苗 kn-aut-sei=勅使川 kn-aut-mei=早苗 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=IwaseToshihide en-aut-sei=Iwase en-aut-mei=Toshihide kn-aut-name=岩瀬敏秀 kn-aut-sei=岩瀬 kn-aut-mei=敏秀 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanamoriTatsuya en-aut-sei=Kanamori en-aut-mei=Tatsuya kn-aut-name=金森達也 kn-aut-sei=金森 kn-aut-mei=達也 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawabataTomoko en-aut-sei=Kawabata en-aut-mei=Tomoko kn-aut-name=川畑智子 kn-aut-sei=川畑 kn-aut-mei=智子 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=SatoMasaru en-aut-sei=Sato en-aut-mei=Masaru kn-aut-name=佐藤勝 kn-aut-sei=佐藤 kn-aut-mei=勝 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=Usui KataokaHitomi en-aut-sei=Usui Kataoka en-aut-mei=Hitomi kn-aut-name=片岡仁美 kn-aut-sei=片岡 kn-aut-mei=仁美 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科 地域医療人材育成 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山県地域医療支援センター 岡山大学支部 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科 地域医療人材育成 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科 地域医療人材育成 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科 地域医療人材育成 affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科 地域医療人材育成 en-keyword=岡山大学勤務医師(physicians at Okayama University) kn-keyword=岡山大学勤務医師(physicians at Okayama University) en-keyword=非常勤勤務(part-time worker) kn-keyword=非常勤勤務(part-time worker) en-keyword=地域医療機関支援(community-based medical facilities) kn-keyword=地域医療機関支援(community-based medical facilities) END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=13 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131217 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Group involvement and self-rated health among the Japanese elderly: an examination of bonding and bridging social capital en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background: To date, only a small amount of research on bonding/bridging social capital has separately examined their effects on health though they have been thought to have differential effects on health outcomes. By using a large population-based sample of elderly Japanese people, we sought to investigate the association between bonding and bridging social capital and self-rated health for men and women separately. Methods: In August 2010, questionnaires were sent to all residents aged >= 65 years in three municipalities in Okayama prefecture (n = 21232), and 13929 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 65.6%). Social capital was measured from survey responses to questions on participation in six different types of groups: a) the elderly club or sports/hobby/culture circle; b) alumni association; c) political campaign club; d) citizen's group or environmental preservation activity; e) community association; and f) religious organization. Participant perception of group homogeneity (gender, age, and previous occupation) was used to divide social capital into bonding or bridging. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor self-rated health were calculated. Results: A total of 11146 subjects (4441 men and 6705 women) were available for the analysis. Among men, bonding and bridging social capital were inversely associated with poor self-rated health (high bonding social capital; OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.99; high bridging social capital; OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48-0.81) after adjusting for age, educational attainment, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, overweight, living arrangements, and type-D personality. The beneficial effect among women was more likely limited to bonding social capital (high bonding social capital; OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12-1.00), and the association between bridging social capital and self-rated health was less clear (high bridging social capital; OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.44-1.07). Conclusions: Bonding/bridging social capital could have differential associations with self-rated health among the Japanese elderly depending on the individual's sex. Considering the lack of consensus on how to measure bonding and bridging social capital, however, we need to carefully assess the generalizability of our findings. Further research is warranted to identify health-relevant dimensions of social capital in different cultural or economic settings. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KishimotoYoko en-aut-sei=Kishimoto en-aut-mei=Yoko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SuzukiEtsuji en-aut-sei=Suzuki en-aut-mei=Etsuji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=IwaseToshihide en-aut-sei=Iwase en-aut-mei=Toshihide kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiHiroyuki en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Hiroyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakaoSoshi en-aut-sei=Takao en-aut-mei=Soshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Epidemiol affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Epidemiol affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Support Ctr Med Cooperat Human Resource Placement affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Epidemiol affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Epidemiol en-keyword=Social capital kn-keyword=Social capital en-keyword=Bonding kn-keyword=Bonding en-keyword=Bridging kn-keyword=Bridging en-keyword=Self-rated health kn-keyword=Self-rated health en-keyword=Elderly kn-keyword=Elderly END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=8 cd-vols= no-issue=10 article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131017 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Type D Personality Is Associated with Psychological Distress and Poor Self-Rated Health among the Elderly: A Population-Based Study in Japan en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We investigated the association between Type D personality, psychological distress, and self-ratings of poor health in elderly Japanese people. In August 2010, questionnaires were sent to all residents aged >= 65 in three municipalities (n = 21232) in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, and. 13929 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 65.6%). To assess mental and physical health outcomes, we used the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and a single item question regarding perceived general health. We analyzed 9759 questionnaires to determine odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for several health outcomes, adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, overweight status, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and number of cohabiters. The multiple imputation method was employed for missing data regarding Type D personality. The prevalence of Type D personality in our sample was 46.2%. After adjusting for covariates, we found that participants with Type D personality were at 4-5 times the risk of psychological distress, and twice the risk of poor self-rated health. This association was stronger in participants aged 65-74 years (psychological distress; OR: 5.80, 95% CI: 4.96-6.78, poor self-rated health; OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 2.38-3.38) than in those aged over 75 years (psychological distress; OR: 4.54, 95% CI: 3.96-5.19, poor self-rated health; OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.79-2.34). Type D personality is associated with adverse health status among Japanese elderly people in terms of mental and physical risk; therefore, further research into the implications of this personality type is warranted. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KasaiYosuke en-aut-sei=Kasai en-aut-mei=Yosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SuzukiEtsuji en-aut-sei=Suzuki en-aut-mei=Etsuji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=IwaseToshihide en-aut-sei=Iwase en-aut-mei=Toshihide kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=DoiHiroyuki en-aut-sei=Doi en-aut-mei=Hiroyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakaoSoshi en-aut-sei=Takao en-aut-mei=Soshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Support Ctr Med Cooperat Human Resource Placement affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=66 cd-vols= no-issue=4 article-no= start-page=343 end-page=350 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201208 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Does Caregiver’s Social Bonding Enhance the Health of their Children?:The Association between Social Capital and Child Behaviors en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Little is known about the association between social capital and child behaviors. This study aims to investigate that association. A complete population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted for all the caregivers with preschool children in a rural town in Okayama prefecture in Japan. Two dimensions of individual-level social capital and unhealthy child behaviors were reported by parent-administered questionnaire. We analyzed 354 preschool children (57.6% of all children for whom questionnaires were completed). Children whose main caregiver had high cognitive social capital were 89% less likely to miss breakfast (odds ratio [OR]=0.11;95% confidence interval [CI]:0.01-1.03). Children whose caregiver had high structural social capital were 71% less likely to wake up late (OR=0.29;95% CI:0.12-0.71) and 78% less likely to skip tooth brushing more than once per day (OR=0.22;95% CI:0.05-0.93). Both cognitive and structural social capital were negatively associated with unhealthy child behaviors. A further intervention study is needed to confirm the impact of social capital on child behavior. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=FujiwaraTakeo en-aut-sei=Fujiwara en-aut-mei=Takeo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakaoSoshi en-aut-sei=Takao en-aut-mei=Soshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=IwaseToshihide en-aut-sei=Iwase en-aut-mei=Toshihide kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HamadaJun en-aut-sei=Hamada en-aut-mei=Jun kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawachiIchiro en-aut-sei=Kawachi en-aut-mei=Ichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Health Policy & Health Economics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health en-keyword=tooth brushing kn-keyword=tooth brushing en-keyword=child health kn-keyword=child health en-keyword=social capital kn-keyword=social capital en-keyword=skipping breakfast kn-keyword=skipping breakfast en-keyword=watching TV kn-keyword=watching TV END