start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=331 end-page=343 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Equation for Calculating the Concentration of Solvent in Air That Discriminates between Exposure and Non-exposure Based on Biomarker Concentrations in the Urine of Workers en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=To develop a new method for evaluating the intensity of workers’ exposures to toluene alone or toluene in mixed solvents, regression equations were calculated between the concentrations of toluene to which workers were exposed and the concentrations of hippuric acid or toluene in workers’ urine samples taken at the end of their shifts. Thereafter, the discriminant exposure concentration of the solvents in air, which was the concentration considered to discriminate exposure from non-exposure within a fi xed level of error using fi ducial ranges of individual specimens (DEC-I) or using confi dence ranges of regression equation (DEC-R), was measured by a scale. The devised equations were applied to calculate DEC-I or DEC-R accurately using the formulas expressing a regression line and its fi ducial ranges or confi dence ranges. The equations can calculate not only more precise values of DEC-I or DEC-R than can be measured by a scale, but can also calculate values corresponding to any level of error. Moreover, DEC-I and DEC-R can be defi ned by the equations. The concentration capable of discriminating TLV (threshold limit value) exposure from non-TLV exposure was estimated using fi ducial ranges (DTL-I) and then using confi dence ranges of the regression equation (DTL-R). en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OgataMasana en-aut-sei=Ogata en-aut-mei=Masana kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KakuwaKatsutoshi en-aut-sei=Kakuwa en-aut-mei=Katsutoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KondoYoshiro en-aut-sei=Kondo en-aut-mei=Yoshiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Kawasaki Medical School affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Kawasaki Medical School en-keyword=biological monitoring kn-keyword=biological monitoring en-keyword=exposure to toluene kn-keyword=exposure to toluene en-keyword=discriminant exposure concentration kn-keyword=discriminant exposure concentration en-keyword=biomarker kn-keyword=biomarker en-keyword=urinary toluene kn-keyword=urinary toluene END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=357 end-page=360 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Massive Intravascular Hemolysis in a Patient Infected by a Clostridium perfringens en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Clostridium perfringens infection is a very rare cause of massive intravascular hemolysis, but it should always be kept in mind, since only early treatment can rescue patients from an otherwise rapidly fatal outcome. We report a case of a 78-year-old diabetic male who was admitted complaining of general fatigue, dark red urine, and vomiting. His blood revealed massive hemolysis. Computer tomography demonstrated huge liver abscess in the right lobe of the liver. About 1 h after admission, he suddenly fell into a critical condition. He died 3 h after admission in spite of intensive care and resuscitation. Clostridium perfringens was detected from the blood taken before death and from liver abscess by biopsy after death. We concluded that this patient died of acute massive intravascular hemolysis in septicemia caused by Clostridium perfringens infection. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OhtaniShoichiro en-aut-sei=Ohtani en-aut-mei=Shoichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeNaomi en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Naomi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawataMasashi en-aut-sei=Kawata en-aut-mei=Masashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HaradaKimiko en-aut-sei=Harada en-aut-mei=Kimiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=HimeiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Himei en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=MurakamiKazuharu en-aut-sei=Murakami en-aut-mei=Kazuharu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Tamashima Central Hospital en-keyword=Clostridium perfringens kn-keyword=Clostridium perfringens en-keyword=intravascular hemolysis kn-keyword=intravascular hemolysis en-keyword=liver abscess kn-keyword=liver abscess END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=299 end-page=309 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Involvement of STAT3 in Bladder Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy Following Bladder Outlet Obstruction en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We examined the involvement of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)-induced bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy using a rat in vivo and in vitro study. BOO induced increases in bladder weight and bladder smooth muscle thickness 1 week after the operation. By using antibody microarrays, 64 of 389 proteins blotted on the array met our selection criteria of an INR value between > or = 2.0 and < or = 0.5. This result revealed up-regulation of transcription factors, cell cycle regulatory proteins, apoptosis-associated proteins and so on. On the other hand, down-regulation (INR value < or = 0.5) of proteins was not found. In a profiling study, we found an increase in the expression of STAT3. A significant increase in nuclear phosphorylated STAT3 expression was confirmed in bladder smooth muscle tissue by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Cyclical stretch-relaxation (1 Hz) at 120% elongation significantly increased the expression of STAT3 and of alpha-smooth muscle actin in primary cultured bladder smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the blockade of STAT3 expression by the transfection of STAT3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly prevented the stretch-induced increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. These results suggest that STAT3 has an important role in the induction of bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=FujitaOsamu en-aut-sei=Fujita en-aut-mei=Osamu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsanumaMasato en-aut-sei=Asanuma en-aut-mei=Masato kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YokoyamaTeruhiko en-aut-sei=Yokoyama en-aut-mei=Teruhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyazakiIkuko en-aut-sei=Miyazaki en-aut-mei=Ikuko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=OgawaNorio en-aut-sei=Ogawa en-aut-mei=Norio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KumonHiromi en-aut-sei=Kumon en-aut-mei=Hiromi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=benign prostatic hyperplasia kn-keyword=benign prostatic hyperplasia en-keyword=bladder outlet obstruction kn-keyword=bladder outlet obstruction en-keyword=bladder smooth muscle kn-keyword=bladder smooth muscle en-keyword=signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) kn-keyword=signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) en-keyword=small interfering RNA (siRNA) kn-keyword=small interfering RNA (siRNA) END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=325 end-page=330 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Study of interleukin-6 in the spread of colorectal cancer: the diagnostic significance of IL-6. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We investigated the diagnostic significance of IL-6 for lymph node metastasis and/or hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer in 65 patients and evaluated the contributions of 8 factors (IL-6, HGF, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, ELAM-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1) toward Dukes.s classification of 53 patients. We also examined IL-6 expression in tumor tissue. From the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, an optimal cutoff value of 5.8 pg/ml was determined to classify lymph node and/or hepatic metastasis, and that of 6.3 pg/ml was determined to classify hepatic metastasis. These values indicated sensitivities of 55.0% and 71.4%, and specifi cities of 100% and 88.6%, respectively. IL-6, HGF, and ELAM-1 were very useful for distinguishing among Dukes.s A/B group, C group, and D group. In all cases with high IL-6 values (more than 25.0 pg/ml), immunohistochemical staining was positive for IL-6 in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. IL-6 is strongly suspected to be involved in lymph node and/or hepatic metastasis by promoting it through HGF, and serum IL-6 value (pg/ml) would be useful diagnostically to estimate whether or not there is a high risk of lymph node and/or hepatic metastasis. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=AshizawaTatsuto en-aut-sei=Ashizawa en-aut-mei=Tatsuto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkadaRyosuke en-aut-sei=Okada en-aut-mei=Ryosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SuzukiYoshiaki en-aut-sei=Suzuki en-aut-mei=Yoshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakagiMakoto en-aut-sei=Takagi en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamazakiTatsuyuki en-aut-sei=Yamazaki en-aut-mei=Tatsuyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SumiTetsuo en-aut-sei=Sumi en-aut-mei=Tetsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=AokiToshiaki en-aut-sei=Aoki en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=AokiTatsuya en-aut-sei=Aoki en-aut-mei=Tatsuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo en-keyword=IL-6 kn-keyword=IL-6 en-keyword=colorectal cancer kn-keyword=colorectal cancer en-keyword=lymph node metastasis kn-keyword=lymph node metastasis en-keyword=hepatic metastasis kn-keyword=hepatic metastasis en-keyword=diagnostic signifi cance kn-keyword=diagnostic signifi cance END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=319 end-page=324 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Unilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the prefrontal cortex reduce rotational behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of the substantia nigra are used as a model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and these “lesioned” rats exhibit a rotational behavior when further injected with apomorphine (APO). We examined whether lesions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) could modify the rotational behavior in PD model rats. Rats initially received unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra by 6-OHDA injection, and then their rotational behavior was measured. Two PFC lesions were achieved by intracerebral infusions of ibotenic acid, followed by measurement of APOinduced rotation. Rotation was reduced by approximately 30ｵ after PFC injury. The PFC may have functional infl uences on the basal ganglia and may be involved in the pathophysiology of the rotational behavior of PD model rats. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=GonzalezDaniel en-aut-sei=Gonzalez en-aut-mei=Daniel kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyamotoOsamu en-aut-sei=Miyamoto en-aut-mei=Osamu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TougeTetsuo en-aut-sei=Touge en-aut-mei=Tetsuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SumitaniKazunori en-aut-sei=Sumitani en-aut-mei=Kazunori kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=KuriyamaShigeki en-aut-sei=Kuriyama en-aut-mei=Shigeki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItanoToshifumi en-aut-sei=Itano en-aut-mei=Toshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Kagawa University, Kagawa en-keyword=Parkinson model rat kn-keyword=Parkinson model rat en-keyword=rotational behavior kn-keyword=rotational behavior en-keyword=ibotenic acid kn-keyword=ibotenic acid en-keyword=6-hydroxydopamine kn-keyword=6-hydroxydopamine en-keyword=prefrontal cortex kn-keyword=prefrontal cortex END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=311 end-page=318 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Assessment of Head Wear More Than Ten Years after Total Hip Arthroplasty: 22-mm Zirconia VS. Metal Heads. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The present retrospective study assessed radiographs to determine socket wear in total hip arthroplasty (THA) with 22-mm zirconia or COP (Cobalt-Chrome alloy rich in Cobalt and Phosphorous) heads, and in cemented stems at more than 10 years after operation. Sockets of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene were used in each of two THA groups (13 hips each) in a clinical trial in our hospital between 1989 and 1990. Three observers carried out masked assessments of the radiographs. Upon fi nal examination, there was no remarkable loosening in the zirconia or COP group, and no case had required revision surgery as of 2005. There was a statistically signifi cant diff erence between the 2 groups in average annual linear wear, at 0.093 mm/year and 0.046 mm/year in the zirconia and COP groups, respectively. Volume wear and average annual volume wear were also signifi cantly greater in the zirconia group despite its superior mechanical strength and toughness in vitro. Our present fi ndings do not confi rm early expectations of lower wear in long-term results of 22-mm zirconia femoral heads used in THA. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=InoueAtsushi en-aut-sei=Inoue en-aut-mei=Atsushi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=AsaumiKoji en-aut-sei=Asaumi en-aut-mei=Koji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=EndoHirosuke en-aut-sei=Endo en-aut-mei=Hirosuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=FujiwaraKazuo en-aut-sei=Fujiwara en-aut-mei=Kazuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=MitaniShigeru en-aut-sei=Mitani en-aut-mei=Shigeru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=OzakiToshifumi en-aut-sei=Ozaki en-aut-mei=Toshifumi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=total hip arthroplasty kn-keyword=total hip arthroplasty en-keyword=zirconia head kn-keyword=zirconia head en-keyword=COP head kn-keyword=COP head en-keyword=polyethylene kn-keyword=polyethylene en-keyword=wear kn-keyword=wear END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=351 end-page=355 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Detection of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins in Clostridium perfringens. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen of humans and animals. C. perfringens type A strains, 13, CPN50, and NCTC8237, isolated from human gas gangrene, bound specifically to human fi bronectin (Fn). The trypsin-treatment of the bacterial cells significantly reduced the Fn-binding. A ligand blotting analysis of all three C. perfringens strains revealed that 5 protein bands of 34 kDa, 29 kDa, 26 kDa, 17 kDa, and 12 kDa specifically bound to biotinylated Fn. These results suggest that C. perfringens possesses certain Fn-binding proteins on the cell surface. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KatayamaSeiichi en-aut-sei=Katayama en-aut-mei=Seiichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=NozuNanami en-aut-sei=Nozu en-aut-mei=Nanami kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YokoyamaMasako en-aut-sei=Yokoyama en-aut-mei=Masako kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HitsumotoYasuo en-aut-sei=Hitsumoto en-aut-mei=Yasuo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University of Science affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University of Science affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University of Science affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University of Science en-keyword=human fi bronectin kn-keyword=human fi bronectin en-keyword=fi bronectin-binding protein kn-keyword=fi bronectin-binding protein en-keyword=Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) kn-keyword=Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=60 cd-vols= no-issue=6 article-no= start-page=345 end-page=349 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2006 dt-pub=200612 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Three Type 6 Hepatitis C Virus Subgroups among Blood Donors in the Yangon Area of Myanmar Are Identified as Subtypes 6m and 6n, and a Novel Subtype by Sequence Analysis of the Core Region. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Previously, using phylogenetic analysis of NS5b sequences, we found that three type 6 variant subgroups (M6-1, M6-2 and M6-3) exist in Myanmar. According to the new nomenclature of hepatitis C, M6-1 and M6-2 belong to subtypes 6m and 6n, respectively, but M6-3 is unassigned. In this study, we sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed the core region of these type 6 variant subgroups. Serum samples assigned as 6m or 6n by NS5b sequence were also identifi ed as 6 m or 6n by core region analysis. The M6-3 (sample name MYAN-3E-3) remained unassigned to a subgroup based on its core region analysis. The fi ndings of this study suggest that either the core region or the NS5b region can be analyzed for HCV subtype classifi cation. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ShinjiToshiyuki en-aut-sei=Shinji en-aut-mei=Toshiyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=LwinAye Aye en-aut-sei=Lwin en-aut-mei=Aye Aye kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GokanKatsunori en-aut-sei=Gokan en-aut-mei=Katsunori kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ObikaMikako en-aut-sei=Obika en-aut-mei=Mikako kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=RyukoHiromasa en-aut-sei=Ryuko en-aut-mei=Hiromasa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KhinMyo en-aut-sei=Khin en-aut-mei=Myo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=OkadaShigeru en-aut-sei=Okada en-aut-mei=Shigeru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=KoideNorio en-aut-sei=Koide en-aut-mei=Norio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Lower Myanmar, Myanmar affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=HCV genotype kn-keyword=HCV genotype en-keyword=type 6 subgroup kn-keyword=type 6 subgroup en-keyword=Myanmar kn-keyword=Myanmar en-keyword=HCV core kn-keyword=HCV core en-keyword=phylogenetic analysis kn-keyword=phylogenetic analysis END