We made a scanning electron-microscopic study of the angioarchitecture of the rabbit iris using vascular resin casts, and compared the vascular structure in miosis to that in mydriasis. There were three vascular layers in the iris: the anterior capillary layer, arteriolo-venular layer and posterior capillary layer. The anterior capillary layer was a network which covered the anterior surface of the iris. The posterior capillary layer was a peculiar network composed of many capillary folds, which were arranged radially. The arteriolo-venular layer was sandwiched between the two capillary layers. In this layer, arterioles and venules ran radially toward the pupil. The peripupillary region lacked the posterior capillary layer. In miosis, the vessels of the peripheral iris were straightened radially, while those in the peripupillary region were folded. In mydriasis, the vessels were very tortuous in the peripheral region, while those in the peripupillary region were stretched laterally. The change in the angioarchitecture of the iris was suited to pupillomotoric activity.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OjimaMakoto en-aut-sei=Ojima en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuoNobuhiko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Nobuhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=angioarchitecture kn-keyword=angioarchitecture en-keyword=iris kn-keyword=iris en-keyword=rabbit kn-keyword=rabbit en-keyword=vascular cast kn-keyword=vascular cast en-keyword=scanning electron microscopy kn-keyword=scanning electron microscopy END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=67 end-page=71 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Plasma branched chain amino acid abnormalities in sake-treated rats. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Plasma amino acid abnormalities in rats treated with large doses of sake and whisky for 3 days were investigated under adequate nutritional conditions. A significant decrease in plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels was observed in sake- but not whisky-treated rats. However, known factors affecting BCAA levels, such as serum insulin and plasma glucagon levels ahd BCAA-metabolizing enzyme (BCAA transaminase and branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase) activities in the liver and skeletal muscle, were not significantly altered in the sake group. Furthermore, ethanol-metabolizing enzyme (alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system) activities in the liver were not altered in the sake group. Other mechanisms need to be considered for explaining the diminished levels of plasma BCAA in sake-treated rats.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=WatanabeAkiharu en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Akiharu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakatsukasaHarushige en-aut-sei=Nakatsukasa en-aut-mei=Harushige kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiMichio en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Michio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagashimaHideo en-aut-sei=Nagashima en-aut-mei=Hideo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=branched chain amino acid kn-keyword=branched chain amino acid en-keyword=alcohol kn-keyword=alcohol en-keyword=sake kn-keyword=sake en-keyword=whisky kn-keyword=whisky en-keyword=insulin kn-keyword=insulin en-keyword=glucagon kn-keyword=glucagon END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=77 end-page=89 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward human O+ red cells coated with anti-D antibody: comparison between lymphocyte and monocyte ADCC activity. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=We investigated the antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of lymphocytes and monocytes toward human O+ red cells coated with anti-D antibody using a 51Cr release assay. Lysis of sensitized red cells by lymphocytes occurred rapidly, but monocyte-mediated lysis occurred slowly. This difference might be due to postphagocytic 51Cr release by monocytes. ADCC of lymphocytes increased in proportion to the effector cell number, but large amounts of antibodies were required. In contrast, ADCC of monocytes was independent of the effector/target ratio and very small amounts of antibodies could produce red cell lysis. Large amounts of fluid phase IgG were required to inhibit the lymphocyte ADCC, whereas the monocyte ADCC was markedly inhibited by small amounts of IgG. Monocyte-mediated lysis was completely inhibited by the addition of 10% human AB serum, but lymphocyte-mediated lysis was only slightly inhibited. Purified IgG1 and IgG3 were much more inhibitory to the lysis by both effectors than IgG2 and IgG4 (IgG2 greater than IgG4). Erythrophagocytosis also was inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3. These studies demonstrate that lymphocytes as well as monocytes can cause the lysis of antibody sensitized red cells, and IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses are more important than IgG2 and IgG4 in causing lysis of anti-D coated red cells.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=SunadaMitsutoshi en-aut-sei=Sunada en-aut-mei=Mitsutoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SuzukiShinya en-aut-sei=Suzuki en-aut-mei=Shinya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=OtaZensuke en-aut-sei=Ota en-aut-mei=Zensuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity kn-keyword=antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity en-keyword=lymphocyte kn-keyword=lymphocyte en-keyword=monocyte kn-keyword=monocyte en-keyword=IgG subclass kn-keyword=IgG subclass en-keyword=anti-D antibody kn-keyword=anti-D antibody END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=1 end-page=10 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Branched chain amino acid transaminase and branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity in the brain, liver and skeletal muscle of acute hepatic failure rats en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) transaminase activity increased in both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of brain from hepatic failure rats, in which a partial hepatectomy was performed 24h following carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration, although the activity of liver and skeletal muscle was the same as in control rats. The elevation of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase activity in liver-injured rats was partly due to increased activity of brain specific Type III isozyme. Branched chain alpha-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase in the brain homogenates was not significantly altered in acute hepatic failure rats, while the liver enzyme activity was markedly diminished. BCKA dehydrogenase activity in the brain homogenates was inhibited by adding ATP to the assay system, and was activated in vitro by preincubating the brain homogenate at 37 degrees C for 15 min. These findings suggest that brain BCAA catabolism is accelerated in acute hepatic failure rats.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TakeiNobuyuki en-aut-sei=Takei en-aut-mei=Nobuyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=branched chain amino acids kn-keyword=branched chain amino acids en-keyword=branched chain amino acid transaminase kn-keyword=branched chain amino acid transaminase en-keyword=branched chain alpha-ketoacied dehydrogenase kn-keyword=branched chain alpha-ketoacied dehydrogenase en-keyword=acute hepatic failure kn-keyword=acute hepatic failure en-keyword=brain kn-keyword=brain END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=35 end-page=45 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Polyamine levels in gynecologic malignancies. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Polyamines are closely related to many aspects of cell growth. Since increased amounts of polyamines in the urine of human cancer patients were reported in 1971, polyamines have been studied from the standpoint of tumor markers. In this study, polyamines in erythrocytes, plasma and urine were determined in 42 controls and 105 patients with gynecologic malignant tumors. The changes in polyamine levels were investigated before and after treatment. With advances in the stage of uterine cervical cancer, the frequency of abnormal levels of polyamines (concentrations greater than two standard deviations above the mean control level) became greater, and reached nearly 80% in recurrent and ovarian cancer. In the early stage of cancer, the diagnostic value was low. Comparison with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was also performed. The polyamines lack specificity for malignant diseases, but they can be used to some extent as a tumor marker in the gynecologic field.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=HayaseRyoji en-aut-sei=Hayase en-aut-mei=Ryoji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=EguchiKatsuto en-aut-sei=Eguchi en-aut-mei=Katsuto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SekibaKaoru en-aut-sei=Sekiba en-aut-mei=Kaoru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=polyamine kn-keyword=polyamine en-keyword=gynecologic malignancy kn-keyword=gynecologic malignancy en-keyword=high performance liquid chromatography kn-keyword=high performance liquid chromatography en-keyword=tumor marker kn-keyword=tumor marker END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=19 end-page=33 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Isolation, characterization and clinical evaluation of the gamma-glutamyltransferase associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Sera from 24 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 30 patients with hepatobiliary diseases other than HCC and 5 normal subjects were analyzed for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) isozymes. In ultracentrifugation, GGT I' was recovered in the non-lipoprotein fraction (the residue), together with GGTs I'', II', I and X. GGTs III to IX were recovered in lipoprotein fractions. GGTs in the lipoprotein fractions were removed beforehand by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, leaving GGTs I', I'', II', I and X in the non-bound fraction, which was subjected to Con A-Sepharose chromatography. From the double affinity chromatography (DAC), GGTs I' and II' were recovered in the unbound fraction, and GGTs I, I'', II' and X in the bound fraction. GGT activities in the unbound fractions of sera from HCC patients were generally higher than those from patients with other benign hepatobiliary diseases. When the GGT activity of the unbound fractions in DAC was expressed as a percent of the sum of the unbound and bound activities (U/(U + B)) and 22% was set as the lower limit of positive values, 54% of the HCC cases had positive values, while none of the patients with hepatobiliary diseases other than HCC had positive values. The U/(U + B) ratio of GGT in DAC appears to be a clinically useful test for screening HCC.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=IzumiMasaki en-aut-sei=Izumi en-aut-mei=Masaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=?-glutamyltransferase kn-keyword=?-glutamyltransferase en-keyword=hepatocellular carcinoma kn-keyword=hepatocellular carcinoma en-keyword=ultracentrifugation kn-keyword=ultracentrifugation en-keyword=Affi-Gel Blue chromatography kn-keyword=Affi-Gel Blue chromatography en-keyword=Con A-Sepharose chromatography kn-keyword=Con A-Sepharose chromatography END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=72 end-page=75 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Cerebral edema associated with acute hepatic failure. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=The clinicopathological findings of cerebral edema were investigated in patients with acute hepatic failure autopsied at Okayama University Hospital between 1970 and 1980 retrospectively. Nine (64%) of 14 hepatic failure cases were found to have cerebral edema during a post-mortem examination of the brain. Clinical features of the patients with cerebral edema were not significantly different from those of the patients without cerebral edema. However, general convulsions were observed more frequently in patients later found to have cerebral edema. Moreover, the length of time from deep coma to death was much shorter in the brain edema cases with cerebral herniation than without herniation.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=FujiwaraMasachika en-aut-sei=Fujiwara en-aut-mei=Masachika kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeAkiharu en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Akiharu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamauchiYasuhiko en-aut-sei=Yamauchi en-aut-mei=Yasuhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=HashimotoMakoto en-aut-sei=Hashimoto en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakatsukasaHarushige en-aut-sei=Nakatsukasa en-aut-mei=Harushige kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=KobayashiMichio en-aut-sei=Kobayashi en-aut-mei=Michio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=HigashiToshihiro en-aut-sei=Higashi en-aut-mei=Toshihiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagashimaHideo en-aut-sei=Nagashima en-aut-mei=Hideo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=acute hepatic failure kn-keyword=acute hepatic failure en-keyword=fulminant hepatitis kn-keyword=fulminant hepatitis en-keyword=cerebral edema kn-keyword=cerebral edema en-keyword=neurological abnormalities kn-keyword=neurological abnormalities END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=11 end-page=18 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Comparative diagnosis of alcoholic liver diseases by multivariate and histological analysis. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Sixty-seven cases of alcoholic liver disease were histologically classified into 4 groups: alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF) and alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). They were statistically reclassified by the likelihood method using age, total alcohol intake, hepatomegaly and 12 liver function tests. A score table for likely diagnosis was constructed from the incidences of each range. The cases were re-evaluated using the score table, with an overall correct diagnosis rate of 73%. The best combination of 5 parameters included the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate, total alcohol intake, cholesterol, choline esterase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/glutamic pyruvic transaminase ratio. A correct diagnosis rate of 75% was attained using these 5 parameters, and 94% of patients were correctly diagnosed by the first or the second likelihood diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of alcoholic liver diseases was easily and confidently obtained with the likelihood score table.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KitadaiMasahiro en-aut-sei=Kitadai en-aut-mei=Masahiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItoshimaTatsuya en-aut-sei=Itoshima en-aut-mei=Tatsuya kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=HattoriShuzo en-aut-sei=Hattori en-aut-mei=Shuzo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=UkidaMinoru en-aut-sei=Ukida en-aut-mei=Minoru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItoToshio en-aut-sei=Ito en-aut-mei=Toshio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=OgawaHiromichi en-aut-sei=Ogawa en-aut-mei=Hiromichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizutaniShigeki en-aut-sei=Mizutani en-aut-mei=Shigeki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=TanakaRyoji en-aut-sei=Tanaka en-aut-mei=Ryoji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=KitaKeiji en-aut-sei=Kita en-aut-mei=Keiji kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagashimaHideo en-aut-sei=Nagashima en-aut-mei=Hideo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=9 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=10 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=alcoholic liver diseases kn-keyword=alcoholic liver diseases en-keyword=multivariate analaysis kn-keyword=multivariate analaysis en-keyword=liver function tests kn-keyword=liver function tests END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=59 end-page=65 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=A vegetable protein-rich diet for the treatment of liver cirrhosis en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Twelve patients were administered a vegetable protein-rich diet, which was low in methionine and high in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) to aromatic amino acid (AAA) molar ratio, and an animal protein-rich diet, high in methionine and low in the BCAA/AAA molar ratio. These diets were administered successively for one week each. Actually ingested amounts of tyrosine and methionine were significantly lower during the feeding of the vegetable protein-rich diet than the animal protein-rich diet. Serum methionine concentrations increased while on the animal protein-rich diet and decreased following the switch to the vegetable protein-rich diet. No other amino acid concentrations were affected. Significant differences were not observed in nitrogen balance or serum protein concentrations.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=OkitaMisako en-aut-sei=Okita en-aut-mei=Misako kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=WatanabeAkiharu en-aut-sei=Watanabe en-aut-mei=Akiharu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NagashimaHideo en-aut-sei=Nagashima en-aut-mei=Hideo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okyama University en-keyword=vegetable protein kn-keyword=vegetable protein en-keyword=methionine kn-keyword=methionine en-keyword=branched-chain amino acids kn-keyword=branched-chain amino acids en-keyword=liver cirhosis kn-keyword=liver cirhosis en-keyword=dietary treatment kn-keyword=dietary treatment END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=39 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=53 end-page=57 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1985 dt-pub=198502 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Atropine-sensitive, tetrodotoxin-resistant contraction induced by noradrenaline in isolated cat rectum. en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the isolated rectal circular muscle of the cats were studied in comparison with the effects on the internal anal sphincter (IAS). NA (10(-8)-10(-7) g/ml) caused tonic contraction in four of 15 strips of the rectum taken from 15 animals, and in all 15 strips of the IAS. Phenylephrine also induced rectal and IAS contraction. Rectal contraction induced by NA was resistant to phentolamine, yohimbine, propranolol, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, but blocked by atropine. IAS contraction induced by NA was resistant to propranolol, atropine, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin, but blocked by phentolamine and yohimbine. It is suggested that an atropine-sensitive excitatory adrenergic mechanism other than the excitatory alpha-adrenergic mechanism exists in the rectal circular muscle.
en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=NeyaToshiaki en-aut-sei=Neya en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=ItanoNoriaki en-aut-sei=Itano en-aut-mei=Noriaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakayamaSosogu en-aut-sei=Nakayama en-aut-mei=Sosogu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Okayama University en-keyword=gastrointestinal motility kn-keyword=gastrointestinal motility en-keyword=rectum kn-keyword=rectum en-keyword=noradrenaline kn-keyword=noradrenaline en-keyword=adrenergic receptors kn-keyword=adrenergic receptors en-keyword= muscarinic receptor. kn-keyword= muscarinic receptor. END