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start-page=15
end-page=37
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dt-pub-year=2020
dt-pub=20200319
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en-title=The Development Strategies of Poland and the Engine of Polish Economic Growth
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kn-abstract=�@In this paper, authors analyze the changes in the national development strategies of the Polish government since the First World War, the state investment that became the driving force of economic development, the trends and positions of foreign capital, and the changes in the economic environment surrounding the Polish economy. �@In the Second Republic, economic liberalism was a widely supported philosophy in the business world and academic society. However, in order to support very weak economic fundamentals, the government seized the key industry and tried to rebuild the economy. Although foreign capital played a very important role in economic development, Polish people�fs distrust in foreign capital was strong. After the Great Depression, the Central Industrial District�i CUP�j was built under the leadership of the government. However, with the outbreak of World War II, the formation of a strong core industrial base was suspended.<br/>
�@After the Second World War, the government initially aimed to build a Peoples Democracy system based on pluralism. However, when the Cold War sharpened, rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture were forced. The Stalinist economic development strategy failed in a few years. Nevertheless, from the end of the 1950s, mining development and industrialization based on the mechanical and chemical industries were carried out again. This industrialization of capital goods sector-oriented production has distorted the people�fs consumer life. However, in the long run, it cannot be denied that the industrialization of that time became the basis for the formation of the wide promising fields of the Polish industry. Since 1970, an open economic strategy has been adopted. Modernization was attempted by introducing licenses from the west. However, new investments did not lead to expansion of export, and cumulative debt increased. During the economic crisis, the�g Solidarity�h movement quickly grew into a national movement, but this did not lead to a fundamental economic system change. Economic reform was also attempted in the 1980s. However, the socialist economic system was unable to adapt to the new global economic system driven by innovation. The inflexible system lost its growth potential.<br/>
�@After the collapse of socialist system in 1989, radical liberalization policies drastically improved economic imbalances, and the economic policy enabled high growth. During the transition period, foreign capital greatly contributed to growth. The automobile industry is a good example. This industry is associated with wide parts production. Many domestic intermediate goods manufacturers increased their orders, and their technical capabilities were rapidly improved through the guidance of foreign capital. In addition, export has improved significantly due to the expansion of production by foreign-affiliated companies. In contrast to the Second Republic, foreign capital played a major role in nurturing domestic industries. By the end of the 1990s, the Russian economy had had no effect on the Polish economy. At the transition period, the Polish industry shifted rapidly to the EU. At the same time, since the manufacturing field was the foundation of Polish growth, the impact of the 2007 global financial crisis wasn�ft serious. Not only that, Poland maintained positive growth in 2008 as most countries in Europe fell into negative Currently, low-wage, low-value-added production based on FDI inflows and abundant labor force is the driving force for growth. In the medium and long term, the Polish economy cannot grow if it stays in the current subcontract production status of industrialized countries. The key to Poland�fs escape from the �gmiddle-income trap�h is how to develop�g new Polish companies�h that produce high-value-added products and services under global competition.
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cd-journal=joma
no-vol=118
cd-vols=
no-issue=355
article-no=
start-page=103
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dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2018
dt-pub=201812
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en-title=Proposing an Unsupervised Approach to Evaluate Essays Using IDF on Reference Data
kn-title=ŽQ�ƃf�[ƒ^‚Æidf ‚ð—˜—p‚µ‚½Ž–‘O�Ì“_•s—v‚È�¬˜_•¶•]‰¿Žè–@
en-subtitle=
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en-abstract=In this paper, we describe an on-going study of developing an automatic essay-scoring system in Japanese. Essay scoring systems have already been developed and used mainly in English, while not many previous studies have been done on Japanese essay evaluations. Most of the methods and systems of automatic essay evaluation need not small number of previously human-graded essays for calibrating the parameter of regression functions or parameter of machine learning. The previous studies show the high performance for essay evaluation task, however, it must be not easy to assume large graded essays in, for example, actual tests or entrance examinations. Thus, we take a approach to evaluate Japanese essays without previously human-graded essays but with assuming reference data related to essay questions. The proposed method is a simple one, that is, evaluating the essays with co-occurrences with the reference data in their words or morphemes. In the method technical terms would be given high scores using neologd dictionary and idf values. Experimental results show that the proposed method works well in our developing Japanese mock trial writing tests. Key words automatic scoring of essays, human annotation, supporting
kn-abstract=‘åŠw“üŽŽ‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä2020 ”N‚©‚ç‹L�qŽ®–â‘肪“±“ü‚³‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚©‚ç‹L�qŽ®‚Ì–â‘è‚ðŽ©“®‚Å�Ì“_‚·‚éŽè–@‚ÌŠJ”­‚ª‹�‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é�D–{˜_‚Å‚Í�CƒGƒbƒZƒCƒ^ƒCƒv‚Ì�¬˜_•¶‰Û‘è‚ð‘Î�Û‚É�C‰Û‘è‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚·‚éŽQ�ƃf�[ƒ^‚ÆWikipedia ‘S•¶‚©‚ç�ì�¬‚µ‚½idf ‚ð—˜—p‚µ‚½Ž–‘O�Ì“_•s—v‚ÈŽ©“®�Ì“_Žè–@‚ð’ñˆÄ‚·‚é�D�æ�sŒ¤‹†‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä�C“ú–{Œê�¬˜_•¶‚ð‘Î�Û‚Æ‚µ‚½Ž©“®�Ì“_‚Å‚Í�C‘½‚­‚ÌŽ–‘O�Ì“_‚ª•K—v‚Æ‚È‚è�CŽÀ�Û‚Ì�”•S�l‹K–Í‚ÌŽŽŒ±‚Å‚Í—˜—p‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª“‚¢‚Æ�l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é�D‚»‚±‚Å–{Œ¤‹†‚Å‚Í�CŽ–‘O�Ì“_‚ª•s—v‚È�¬˜_•¶�Ì“_Žè–@‚ð’ñˆÄ‚·‚é�D‚Ü‚½�C�¬˜_•¶‚Ì–Í‹[ŽŽŒ±‚ðŽÀŽ{‚µ‚Ä�¬˜_•¶ƒf�[ƒ^‚ð�\’z‚·‚é�D�\’z‚µ‚½�¬˜_•¶ƒf�[ƒ^‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä�Ì“_Žè–@‚ð—p‚¢�CŽÀŒ±‚ð�s‚¢•]‰¿‚·‚é�D‚Ü‚½�¬˜_•¶ƒf�[ƒ^‚Ì�lŽè‚É‚æ‚é�Ì“_‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚à•]‰¿‚ð�s‚¤�D•]‰¿ŽÀŒ±‚ÌŒ‹‰Êneologd Ž«�‘‚ð—˜—p‚µ‚½Œ`‘Ô‘f‰ð�ÍŠí‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä�C idf ’l‚ð—˜—p‚µ‚½Œ`‘Ô‘f‚̈ê’v�”‚ª�C�lŽè‚Ì•]‰¿’l‚Æ‘ŠŠÖ‚ª�‚‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚·�D
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en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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en-affil=Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, Okayama University
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affil-num=6
en-affil=Graduate School of Education, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‰@‹³ˆçŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=7
en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University
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affil-num=8
en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University
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affil-num=9
en-affil=Institute for Education and Student Services, Okayama University
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en-keyword=Ž©“®�Ì“_ (automatic scoring of essays)
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en-keyword=ƒAƒmƒe�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“ (human annotation)
kn-keyword=ƒAƒmƒe�[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“ (human annotation)
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END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=117
cd-vols=
no-issue=207
article-no=
start-page=47
end-page=51
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2017
dt-pub=201709
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en-title=A Study of Extracting Related Documents for Essay Evaluation Modules
kn-title=�¬˜_•¶�Ì“_Žx‰‡‚Ì‚½‚ß‚ÌŠÖ˜A•¶�‘Žæ“¾–@‚Ì�lŽ@
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=We are developing an automatic Japanese essay-scoring system that is composed of 4 evaluation criteria, comprehensiveness, logical consistency, validity, spelling and grammar. In this paper, we discuss the most powerful approach to extract documents of Wikipedia that relates to the reference texts of the target essay theme for validity evaluation. The reason for using Wikipedia documents for evaluating validity of students�fessays is that we assume that validity can be evaluated by the expanded discussions in Wikipedia documents that relates to the essay theme. Experimental results show that the skip-gram based word vector is the best approach to extract relating documents to reference texts among several keyword-based evaluation approaches.
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en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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affil-num=2
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=3
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=4
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=5
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=6
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=7
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È

affil-num=8
en-affil=Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw‘åŠw‰@Ž©‘R‰ÈŠwŒ¤‹†‰È
en-keyword=�¬˜_•¶‚ÌŽ©“®�Ì“_ (Automatic scoring of answers of essay-writing tests)
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en-keyword=’PŒêƒxƒNƒgƒ‹ (Word vector)
kn-keyword=’PŒêƒxƒNƒgƒ‹ (Word vector)
en-keyword=Skip-gram
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END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=44
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=23
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2012
dt-pub=20121001
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kn-subject=
en-title=Political-Economic Situation and the Financial Condition of Local Governments in Poland
kn-title=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhŒo�Ï‚Ì�¬’·‚Æ’n•ûŽ©Ž¡�­�ô‚¨‚æ‚Ñ’n•ûŽ©Ž¡‘Ì‚Ì�à�­�ó‹µ
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=This paper conducts a critical analysis on the political-economic situation of Poland and the current financial condition of the Polish local governments.
Poland was the only country in the EU that avoided recession in 2009, i.e. just after the financial crisis it the world in 2008. While a number of studies suggest that the strong exports and individual consumption expenditures have been supporting the economy, they tend to miss the crucial fact that local government finance in the country is relatively well-balanced, and it became one of the factors of the economic stability. Aiming at examining such curious steadiness of the Polish local governments, this paper first focuses on the political and economic situation in Poland to understand the background of the financial condition of the local governments. Secondly, the system of local autonomy and its changes will be reviewed. Thirdly, the paper outlines the current political situation of the country, particularly the outcome of the general election held in 2012. Different regional strategies of the major political parties will be analyzed as well. Finally, the condition of local government finance will be examined to clarify their problems and challenges.
From the analysis of this paper, the following points will be elucidated:
(1) The solid economic performance has been maintained in Poland even after the global economic crisis.
(2) The disparity of economic growth by prefecture and the disparity of the domestic product per capita by prefecture both show observable trend of its increase.
(3) There is a big difference in the regional policy between the two major political parties in the country. The ruling party, the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska; PO), bases its policy on the EU cohesion fund and adopts the economic growth model, in which the economies of metropolises are the engine to lead the country�fs economy. On the other hand, the main opposition party, Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwo??; PiS), sets the liquidation of domestic disparities based on the �gPolish�h policies as its main goal.
(4) The local government system of Poland is characterized by the great authority of commune (gmina) and the securing of tax revenue by the state. This model has been ensuring financial stability of the local government.
(5) Many state-owned real estates have been changed to come under local government ownership during the period of systemic transformation. The incomes from the real estates and gains upon their sale have been contributing to the stability of local government finance.
(6) Local governments have been one of the factors of Poland�fs stable growth. However, many local governments recently started to fall into deficit. The causes of the deficit are as follows: a slowdown in tax revenues due to the recession; the falling real estate prices, the rising prices of construction materials for public works; the rising energy prices; and natural disasters that occur frequently in recent years.
(7) The reduction policy of the state budget, directly bound up with the tighter condition of local government finance, as well as the decrease of financial supports from the EU Cohesion Fund and its related cuts in budgets for public works, has a negative impact on the local economy. They consequently affect the growth of the Polish economy to cause its slowing down.
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END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=42
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=21
end-page=45
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2010
dt-pub=20100910
dt-online=
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kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Mechanizm upadku socjalistycznego systemu gospodarczego
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=In this article, I will try to present the mechanism of the collapse of the socialist economic system based on empirical analysis of reforms of the Polish socialist economy. In Poland, there were several attempts to carry out
economic reforms, but in most cases, the experiments failed. I therefore examined why the reforms failed, and why reform ultimately stalled in deadlock. I focused on the stiffness of basic architecture of the �gtraditional�h system, the structural cyclicity of the reforms, the political limits of deepening of socialist reforms, compatibility and interactivity between the platform of the system and functioning mechanisms. Reasons for inability to build an effective system through reform of the socialist economy can be traced back to the rigidity of the platform. The logic wove into the basic architecture withdraw the functioning mechanism, which was partially improved in order to fit the environment, to the original logic. This rigidity of the platform formed cyclicity of the economic reform. Therefore, the system does not function efficiently if the platform is not essentially replaced. However, the basic architecture of the platform is an ideological base of the socialist system, and changing this lead to the denial of socialism. These are the limitations of economic reforms in the socialist system. This inflexibility also caused the collapse of the system and it inevitably led to the systemic transformation.
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en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
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en-aut-mei=Masahiro
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affil-num=1
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END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=41
cd-vols=
no-issue=4
article-no=
start-page=47
end-page=54
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2010
dt-pub=20100331
dt-online=
en-article=
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en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Arkadiusz Tarnowski, Polska i Japonia 1989-2004. Stosunki polityczne, gospodarcze i kulturalne (Poland & Japan 1989-2004. Political, Economic, Cultural Relations). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TRIO, 2009, 544pp.
kn-title=�‘•] ƒAƒ‹ƒJƒfƒBƒEƒVƒ…�Eƒ^ƒ‹ƒmƒtƒXƒL�wƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚Æ“ú–{ 1989-2004 �­Ž¡�AŒo�Ï�A•¶‰»ŠÖŒW�x
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start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=40
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=83
end-page=90
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2008
dt-pub=20081210
dt-online=
en-article=
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en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=The Report of the Polish Office of the Committee for European Integration.  "4 Years of Poland's Membership in the EU"  ?Translation and Comments (2)?
kn-title=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‰¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg �uƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhEU ‰Á–¿‚Ì‚S”NŠÔ�v�i—v–ñ‚ƃRƒ�ƒ“ƒgŒã”¼�j
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en-abstract=
kn-abstract=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚̉¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï�iUrz d Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej : UKIE�j‚Í‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚UŒŽ�A‚P‚S‚Tƒy�[ƒW‚É‚¨‚æ‚Ô�uƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhEU ‰Á–¿‚Ì‚S”NŠÔ‰¢�B˜A�‡‰Á–¿‚É‚æ‚éŽÐ‰ï�EŒo�Ï“I—˜‰v‚ƃRƒXƒg‚̃oƒ‰ƒ“ƒXƒV�[ƒg�i‚Q‚O‚O‚S”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�`‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�j�v�i"4 lata cz onkostwa Polski w UE. Bilans korzysci i koszt?w spo eczno?gospodarczych zwi zanych z cz onkostwem w Unii Europejskiej. 1 maja 2004 r.? 1 maja
2008 r ."�j‚ð”­•\‚µ‚½�Bƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚̉¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï‚Í�A–ˆ”N‚±‚¤‚µ‚½•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg‚ð”­•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é�B‚µ‚©‚µ�A�¡‰ñ‚̃Œƒ|�[ƒg‚ª‘Î�Û‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éŠúŠÔ�i‚Q‚O‚O‚S”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�`‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�j‚É‚Í�AŽ¸‹Æ—¦‚Ì‘å•�’ቺ�A˜J“­ˆÚ–¯‚ÌŠg‘å�AƒVƒFƒ“ƒQƒ“‹¦’è‚Ì“K—p‚È‚Ç�Aƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚ÌEU ‰Á–¿‚ð•]‰¿‚µ�¡Œã‚Ì“W–]‚ð�l‚¦‚é�ã‚Å�d—v‚È—v‘f‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é�B‚»‚±‚Å�A‚±‚Ì•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg‚Ì“à—e‚ð�Љ‚È‚ª‚ç�Aƒ|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ð•ª�Í‚µ‚½‚¢�B
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en-title=Regional Disparity Problem and Its Structure in the East Region of EU
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kn-abstract=–{�e‚ͤEU“Œ•”’nˆæ‚ÌŒo�ÏŠi�·‚ÌŒ»�ó‚ð‚d‚t’†�S•”‚Æ‚Ì”äŠr¤‚Ü‚½�‘“à‚É‚¨‚¯‚錧•Ê‚Ì”äŠr‚ð�s‚¢¤‚»‚Ì�\‘¢‚𖾂炩‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚é¡
1997”N 7ŒŽ‚ɉ¢�BˆÏˆõ‰ï‚Í¢ƒAƒWƒFƒ“ƒ_2000£‚ð”­•\‚µ‚½¡‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ĥƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚ðŠÜ‚Þ‹Œ“Œ‰¢ 5ƒJ�‘‚¨‚æ‚уLƒvƒ�ƒX‚Ì�æ�s‰Á–¿‚ª�€”õ‚³‚êŽn‚ß‚é¡‚±‚¤‚µ‚½“®‚«‚É•À�s‚µ‚ĤƒRƒ\ƒ”ƒH•´‘ˆ‚Ì�[��‰»‚È‚Ç‚É”º‚¢¤‚d‚t‚Í¢Šg‘å‚É‚æ‚é‚d‚t‚̈À’艻£ŽuŒü‚ð‹­‚ß‚é‚±‚Æ‚Æ‚È‚é¡�Å�I“I‚ɂͤ2004”N‚É10ƒ•�‘¤2007”N‚É 2ƒ•�‘‚ª�V‹K‚ɉÁ–¿‚µ‚½¡
‚d‚t“Œ•ûŠg‘å‚ͤ‘S”Ê“I‚É‚Í‚d‚t‚Ì�­Ž¡“I¥Œo�Ï“IˆÀ’艻‚É�vŒ£‚µ‚½‚ª¤‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚礒nˆæŒo�ÏŒ—Šg‘å‚Í‚©‚Ȃ炸‚µ‚àƒNƒ�ƒXƒ{�[ƒ_�[ƒŠ�[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚̈À’艻‚ɂ‚Ȃª‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢¡‚Þ‚µ‚뤂d‚tŠg‘å‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä�¶‚¶‚½–€ŽC‚â‘Η§‚à‚ ‚é¡‚»‚ê‚ͤŒ»�Ý‚d‚t“à‚Å‹}‘¬‚ÉŠg‘åŽuŒü‚Ì‹c˜_‚ªˆÞ‚ݤ¢Šg‘壂æ‚è‚Í¢�[‰»£‚É�d“_‚ð’u‚­‹c˜_‚ª’†�S‚É‚È‚è‚‚‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚É‚à•\‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é¡‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñ¤‚»‚Ì”wŒi‚ɂͤ¢Šg‘壂ªŒo�ÏŒ—¥•¶–¾Œ—‚Æ‚µ‚Ä�d—v‚È’nˆæ‚ð‚قڕ‚µ‚‚‚ ‚邱‚Ƥ‚d‚tŽü•Ó‚Ì�­Ž¡“I�¬—�‚ªŽû‚Ü‚è‚‚‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚È‚Ç‚ª‚ ‚邾‚낤¡‚µ‚©‚µ‚»‚̈ê•û‚ŤŠg‘å‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‹t‚É‘½—l�«��•sˆÀ’è—v‘f‚ðŽæ‚è�ž‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚Ü‚¢¤‚»‚̑Ήž‚É‘½‚­‚̘J—Í‚ÆŽ‘‹à‚ª‚‚¬�ž‚Ü‚ê‚ĤŠg‘å‚̃�ƒŠƒbƒg‚ª�\•ª‚É‹�Žó‚Å‚«‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤¢Šg‘å”æ‚ꣂ𔺂Á‚½•s–ž‚à‚ ‚é¡
–{�e‚łͤŒo�ÏŠi�·¤Œo�Ï”­’B‚Ì’x‚ꂪ‚Ç‚Ì’ö“x‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚É‚ ‚é‚©‚ð¤ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚ð’†�S‚É“�Œv“I‚É�®—�‚µ¤‚»‚Ì�\‘¢‚𖾂炩‚É‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĤƒNƒ�ƒXƒ{�[ƒ_�[ƒŠ�[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“ˆÀ’艻‚ð�l‚¦‚é�ã‚ł̂ЂƂ‚Ì�Þ—¿‚Æ‚µ‚½‚¢�B
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END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=40
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
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start-page=49
end-page=60
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2008
dt-pub=20080910
dt-online=
en-article=
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en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=The Report of the Polish Office of the Committee for European Integration.  "4 Years of Poland's Membership in the EU"  ?Translation and Comments (1)?
kn-title=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‰¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg �uƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhEU‰Á–¿‚Ì4”NŠÔ�v—v–ñ‚ƃRƒ�ƒ“ƒg(‘O”¼)
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚̉¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï�iUrz d Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej : UKIE�j‚Í‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚UŒŽ�A‚P‚S‚Tƒy�[ƒW‚É‚¨‚æ‚Ô�uƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhEU ‰Á–¿‚Ì‚S”NŠÔ‰¢�B˜A�‡‰Á–¿‚É‚æ‚éŽÐ‰ï�EŒo�Ï“I—˜‰v‚ƃRƒXƒg‚̃oƒ‰ƒ“ƒXƒV�[ƒg�i‚Q‚O‚O‚S”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�`‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�j�v�i"4 lata cz onkostwa Polski w UE. Bilans korzysci i koszt?w spo eczno?gospodarczych zwi zanych z cz onkostwem w Unii Europejskiej. 1 maja 2004 r.? 1 maja
2008 r ."�j‚ð”­•\‚µ‚½�Bƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚̉¢�B“��‡ˆÏˆõ‰ï‚Í�A–ˆ”N‚±‚¤‚µ‚½•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg‚ð”­•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é�B‚µ‚©‚µ�A�¡‰ñ‚̃Œƒ|�[ƒg‚ª‘Î�Û‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éŠúŠÔ�i‚Q‚O‚O‚S”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�`‚Q‚O‚O‚W”N‚TŒŽ‚P“ú�j‚É‚Í�AŽ¸‹Æ—¦‚Ì‘å•�’ቺ�A˜J“­ˆÚ–¯‚ÌŠg‘å�AƒVƒFƒ“ƒQƒ“‹¦’è‚Ì“K—p‚È‚Ç�Aƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚ÌEU ‰Á–¿‚ð•]‰¿‚µ�¡Œã‚Ì“W–]‚ð�l‚¦‚é�ã‚Å�d—v‚È—v‘f‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é�B‚»‚±‚Å�A‚±‚Ì•]‰¿ƒŒƒ|�[ƒg‚Ì“à—e‚ð�Љ‚È‚ª‚ç�Aƒ|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ð•ª�Í‚µ‚½‚¢�B
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=28
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=91
end-page=122
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=1996
dt-pub=19960605
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Polish System Transformation and Its Implication for the Technical Terms for Social Sciences
kn-title=ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚É‚¨‚¯‚é‘Ì�§“]Š·‚Æ�ê–å—pŒê‚ð‚ß‚®‚é�”–â‘è
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=This note refers to recent problems of the technical terms used in the social sciences in Poland. The current system transformation process in Poland has a great influence upon the political, economic and social life. Many new technical terms are flowing into Poland with the progress of the radical transformation of the system. In part one, the author presents the general situation of the inflow of the words of foreign origin, the occurence of the new words and concepts in connection with the change of economic relations, the social life and the basic ideology of society. Part two is an introduction of new Polish basic dictionaries, other dictionaries of technical terms for social sciences, and the new texts of economics. The author also makes some comments on these dicitionaries and texts. This note is an attempt to make clear the main problems of current Polsh language for the editing work on "The Polish-Japanese-English Dictionary of Political Economic Terms".
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=29
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=159
end-page=173
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=1997
dt-pub=19970605
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Marek Mazur Some Remarks on the Development of the Polish Banking System
kn-title=ƒ}ƒŒƒbƒN�Eƒ}ƒY�[ƒ‹�iMarek Mazur�jƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‹â�sƒZƒNƒ^�[‚Ì”­“W‚Æ�”‰Û‘è
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=This is a translation of the paper (mimeo) written by Mark Mazur, the economic adviser to the Deputy of the Minister of Finance in Poland. The subject of considerations in this paper is the development of the Polish banking system and its current problems. The banking sector in Poland is in the process of restructuring and development. State banks have been privatized and financially restructured. Many small banks have established. On the other side, banking sector has been affected by diffictlties asocciated with the period of transformation to a market economy. The author analizes the process and its problems from the viewpoints of credibility, quality, of service, competition, privatization and consolidation. The author indicates; decreasing trend of bad dubts, passive financing activities of banks to private sector and inclination to investment into the state bonds, regional and segmental monopolization of the main banks, and difficulties in the process of consolidation.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=33
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=35
end-page=51
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2001
dt-pub=20010610
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=The Failure of Democratization and Economic Liberalism in Poland in the Interwar Period
kn-title=—¼‘å�íŠÔŠúƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚É‚¨‚¯‚é–¯Žå‰»‚ÆŒo�Ï“IŽ©—RŽå‹`�­�ô‚Ì�Á�Ü
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=This article is to analyze the reasons of the failure of democratization and economic liberalism in Poland in the interwar period. Poland had failed to establish assembly democracy and a liberal market economy system, which allowed the Pilsudski's coup d'etat and etatism (economic interventionism of the state) to become dominant. This article will attempt to show why the Polish liberal economic policy collapsed and what political and economic conditions were instrumental to the rapid growth of authoritarianism by analyzing not only the economic aspects but the relationship between the parliament, government and president, etc. The economic liberalization and democratization tried out in newborn Poland successively failed due to the immature political bodies, conflict among the parliament, president and government, and the immature market. The administration established after the coup d'etat of Pilsudski was backed up by the worldwide economic recovery and stabilized economic situations of the mid twenties, but not able to take any effective measures against the world financial crisis post 1929. During the 20 years of the interwar period, economic liberalism was always in the mainstream of economic policy, but there was no positive and strong ideology in the background of the appearance of etatism. The market was too feeble to support the unstable Polish economy, and under those conditions, strong intervention by the state in the economy could not be avoided.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=137
end-page=143
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20051210
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Hiroshi Tanaka. Economics of Accession to the EU and Transition. Minervashobo, 2005.
kn-title=�‘•] “c’†�G�wEU‰Á–¿‚ƈÚ�s‚ÌŒo�ÏŠw�xƒ~ƒlƒ‹ƒ”ƒ@�‘–[,2005”N,273pp.+3.
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=36
cd-vols=
no-issue=4
article-no=
start-page=69
end-page=84
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20050310
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Mechanism of the Polish External Debt Accumulation in 1970's
kn-title=1970”N‘ãƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚É‚¨‚¯‚é‘ΊO�–±—Ý�ς̃�ƒJƒjƒYƒ€
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=In this paper, the author clarifies the mechanism of the Polish external debt accumulation in 1970's which had become one of the causes of the system collapse. A basic strategy of 70's economic development was�@established at the 6th Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party�@(PZPR) held in 1971. The system reform in�@full scale started in 1973 based on this strategy. On the other hand, economic growth was at the peak in 1973. It�@decelerated afterwards, and a lot of economic difficulties were already caused in 1974. And the system reform�@was frustrated. Though the "economic adjustment" was introduced in 1976, the external debt accumulated rapidly, and the national income produced recorded negative growth in 1979. Finally, the financial crunch and the external debt crisis were generated. A Polish socialist system became dysfunction, and the system collapsed in 1989. The cause to which the external debt accumulates is as follows : (1) soft control of the foreign currency management in the relatively centralized economic system, (2) inefficient production system caused by the price distortion, (3) failure of domestic industry policy, especially agricultural policy. The following reform was necessary to solve these problems : (1) introduction of profit and loss account based on market prices, (2) bankruptcy processing of enterprise which loses solvency�@of external debt, (3) activation of private farms. However, it is a solution which obviously contradicts the socialistic principles. In such a meaning, the failure of the economic policy and the system design in 1970's could be the begining of the end of the Polish socialist system.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=17
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20050910
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=The Rise of Interventionism in Interwar Poland ?Etatism as a Development Strategy?
kn-title=—¼‘å�íŠÔŠúƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh‚É‚¨‚¯‚é�‘‰ÆŽå‹`‚̑䓪�|�¬’·�í—ª‚Æ‚µ‚ẴGƒ^ƒeƒBƒYƒ€�|
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=Introducing the discussions and practices of Polish etatism in 1930's, this article presents the historical process that the state control was strengthened and etatism became a main development strategy of the Polish government. One of the main problems of the economic policy of interwar Poland was economic backwardness and stagnation. The economic liberalism was a main current of economic ideology in the government (as an at least official standpoint), as well as the industrial world and academic circles. However, the economic liberalism and the political democratization couldn't solve these economic problems. The political situation was stabilized by Pilsudski's Coup D'etat, but the economic structural problem was still left (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 introduces arguments about interventionism and the controversy over an economic planning. The thoughts of an economic planning of the Polish Communist Party of Poland (KPP), the Polish cooperatism, the economic calculation debate, and the development policy of technocrats, would be worth paying attention. The so called "April Constitution" (1935) and the Great Depression (1929?1935) are analyzed in Chapters 3 and Chapter 4. The Great Depression shook the trust in market and the fundamental idea of economic liberalism. In 1935, new constitution was promulgated, and the president got a strong authority. Such a situation strengthened the tendency to etatism. In Chapter 5, the Central Industrial Region (COP) constructed on the base of etatistic ideology is empirically analyzed. It seemed effective not only in temporary economic stabilization, but in structural change of Polish economy that stands in long?term perspective. However, the construction of the Central Industrial Region was interrupted by World War II.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
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kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=39
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=75
end-page=95
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2007
dt-pub=200706
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Mieczyslaw W. Socha, Bartlomiej Rokicki �gEuroregions on the Polish Eastern Border (3) �h
kn-title=�ƒ–|–ó�„ƒ~ƒFƒ`ƒXƒ�ƒt�EW�Eƒ\ƒn�Cƒoƒ‹ƒgƒDƒEƒHƒ~ƒFƒC�Eƒ�ƒLƒcƒL ƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh“Œ•”�‘‹«’n‘т̃†�[ƒ�ƒŠ�[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“�i‚R�j
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=–{�e‚Í�Cƒ~ƒFƒ`ƒXƒ�ƒt�EW�Eƒ\ƒn�iMieczys aw W. Socha�j‹³Žö�iƒ�ƒ‹ƒVƒƒƒ�‘åŠwŒo�ÏŠw•”ƒ}ƒNƒ�Œo�Ï�EŠO�‘–fˆÕ—�˜_�u�À�j�Cƒoƒ‹ƒgƒDƒEƒHƒ~ƒFƒC�Eƒ�ƒLƒcƒL�iBartlomiej Rikicki�jŽ��iƒ�ƒ‹ƒVƒƒƒ�‘åŠwŒo�ÏŠw•””ŽŽm‰Û’ö‰@�¶�j‚Ì‹¤’˜‚É‚æ‚é�uƒ|�[ƒ‰ƒ“ƒh“Œ•”�‘‹«’n‘т̃†�[ƒ�ƒŠ�[ƒWƒ‡�iEuroregiony na wschodniej granicy Polski�j�v�iFeb�D�C‚Q‚O‚O‚T�Cmimeo�j‚Ì–|–ó‚Å‚ ‚é�B‚±‚ê‚Í�C•¶•”‰ÈŠw�ȉȊwŒ¤‹†”ï•â�•‹àŒ¤‹†�uƒm�[ƒUƒ“ƒfƒBƒ�ƒ“ƒVƒ‡ƒ“�|Šg‘åEU ‚ƃXƒ‰ƒuŒ—‚̈æ�ی𗬂̊g‘å‚É‚æ‚郈�[ƒ�ƒbƒpŒo�Ï‹óŠÔ‚Ì�Ä•Ò�|�v�iŠî”ÕŒ¤‹†B�C‰Û‘è”Ô�†‚P‚U‚R‚R‚O‚O‚T‚Q�j�CŒ¤‹†‘ã•\ŽÒ�F—§�³‘åŠwŒo�ÏŠw•”�E˜@Œ©—Y�j‚ÌŠî‘bŒ¤‹†‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽ·•M‚³‚ꂽ•ñ���‘‚Ì–|–ó‚Å‚ ‚é�B

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en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TaguchiMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Taguchi
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=“cŒû‰ë�O
kn-aut-sei=“cŒû
kn-aut-mei=‰ë�O
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=‰ªŽR‘åŠw
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=149
end-page=170
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20050610
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Grzegorz W. Kolodko 'Institutions, Policy and Growth', 2004.
kn-title=–|–ó ƒOƒWƒFƒSƒVƒ… W. ƒRƒEƒHƒgƒR�w�§“x,�­�ô‚ÆŒo�Ï�¬’·�x
en-subtitle=
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