start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=6 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=16 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2020 dt-pub=20200707 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Development of an appropriate simple suspension method for valganciclovir medication en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Background
Valganciclovir (VGC) is essential for preventing cytomegalovirus infections after transplants in adult and pediatric patients. In pediatric patients, VGC tablets have to be pulverized so that they can be delivered via nasogastric tubes. The “simple suspension method” is usually used to suspend tablets in hot water in Japan. However, the optimal suspension conditions and metering methods for preparing VGC suspensions using the simple suspension method are unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.
Methods
VGC tablets were suspended in water (initial water temperature: 25 °C or 55 °C) using the simple suspension method. The residual rate of VGC after it had been suspended in hot water was determined using HPLC. In addition, the suspended solution was passed through 6, 8, and 12 Fr. gavage tubes. The VGC concentrations of suspensions produced using different preparation methods were also determined using HPLC.
Results
Cracking the surfaces of VGC tablets and suspending them in water at an initial temperature of 55 °C was effective at dissolving the tablets. The VGC concentration of the suspension remained stable for at least 80 min. Furthermore, the VGC concentration remained stable for 48 h during cold dark storage. Cracking the surfaces of VGC tablets could be a more effective metering method than preparing powder from VGC tablets. In addition, little VGC remained in 6, 8, or 12 Fr. gavage tubes after VGC solution was passed through them.
Conclusion
The amount of VGC should be measured carefully when preparing VGC solutions using the simple suspension method. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MasaokaYasuyuki en-aut-sei=Masaoka en-aut-mei=Yasuyuki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KikuokaRyo en-aut-sei=Kikuoka en-aut-mei=Ryo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=OgawaAtsushi en-aut-sei=Ogawa en-aut-mei=Atsushi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=EsumiSatoru en-aut-sei=Esumi en-aut-mei=Satoru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=WadaYudai en-aut-sei=Wada en-aut-mei=Yudai kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=UshioSoichiro en-aut-sei=Ushio en-aut-mei=Soichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=KitamuraYoshihisa en-aut-sei=Kitamura en-aut-mei=Yoshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Department of Clinical Pharmacy,Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Department of Clinical Pharmacy,Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital kn-affil= en-keyword=Valganciclovir kn-keyword=Valganciclovir en-keyword=Simple suspension method kn-keyword=Simple suspension method en-keyword=Stability kn-keyword=Stability en-keyword=HPLC kn-keyword=HPLC en-keyword=Gavage tube kn-keyword=Gavage tube END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=68 cd-vols= no-issue=5 article-no= start-page=255 end-page=262 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=201410 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Characteristics of the Runway Model of Intracranial Self-stimulation Behavior and Comparison with Other Motivated Behaviors en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Motivation incorporates several psychological aspects that produce reward-related and learning behaviors. Although reward-related behavior is reported to be mediated by the dopaminergic reward pathway, the involvement of dopaminergic systems in motivated behavior has not been fully clarified. Several experimental methodologies for motivational behavior have been reported, but pharmacological characteristics seem to vary among these methodologies. In this review, we attempt to summarize three main concepts:(1) the relationship of dopamine neuron physiology with motivated behavior, (2) the pharmacological characteristics of the runway intracranial self-stimulation model, and (3) the behavioral distinction of disparate motivated behaviors. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=EsumiSatoru en-aut-sei=Esumi en-aut-mei=Satoru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=GomitaYutaka en-aut-sei=Gomita en-aut-mei=Yutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KitamuraYoshihisa en-aut-sei=Kitamura en-aut-mei=Yoshihisa kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital en-keyword=motivation kn-keyword=motivation en-keyword=reward kn-keyword=reward en-keyword=dopamine kn-keyword=dopamine en-keyword=operant behavior kn-keyword=operant behavior en-keyword=intracranial self-stimulation kn-keyword=intracranial self-stimulation END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=35 cd-vols= no-issue=10 article-no= start-page=1821 end-page=1825 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2012 dt-pub=201210 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Quantitation and Human Monocyte Cytotoxicity of the Polymerization Agent 1-Hydroxycyclohexyl Phenyl Ketone (Irgacure 184) from Three Brands of Aqueous Injection Solution en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=In this study, levels of the photoinitiator 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (1-HCHPK) in aqueous injection solutions were analyzed by GC-MS. In our previous studies, photoinitiators such as 2-methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (MTMP) were detected in intravenous (i.v.) injection bag solution, and they were found to be cytotoxic to human monocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that 1-HCHPK might display similarly cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the amount of contaminants from plastic containers such as those used for peripheral parenteral nutrition and to determine the cytotoxicity of such extracts on human monocytes. The sample extraction procedure for GC-MS analysis involved a liquid-phase extraction. The solvent was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen at 50 degrees C to yield a residue, which was dissolved in n-hexane and injected into a GC-MS. Normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), isolated from the buffy coat by centrifugation, were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal calf serum. In the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay, cells (1x10(4)) were treated with 1-HCHPK for 24h or 48h at 37 degrees C. From the GC-MS analysis, 6.13-8.32 mu g/mL of 1-HCHPK was found in 20 mL vials of water for injection solution. In the MTT assay, 1-HCHPK decreased cell viability for both the 24h and 48h incubation periods. In conclusion, our findings suggest that 1-HCHPK could promote adverse events in patients. Future studies will clarify the possible health risks of photoinitiator accumulation in human cells. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YamajiKazuhiko en-aut-sei=Yamaji en-aut-mei=Kazuhiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YoshitomeKei en-aut-sei=Yoshitome en-aut-mei=Kei kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsunagaHisashi en-aut-sei=Matsunaga en-aut-mei=Hisashi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital en-keyword=1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone kn-keyword=1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone en-keyword=cytotoxicity kn-keyword=cytotoxicity en-keyword=monocyte kn-keyword=monocyte en-keyword=ampoule kn-keyword=ampoule en-keyword=photoinitiator kn-keyword=photoinitiator END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=125 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=259 end-page=262 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131202 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Drug interaction (28. combination with therapeutic drugs used to treat overactive bladder) kn-title=薬物相互作用 (28―過活動膀胱治療薬の薬物相互作用） en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=HarutaYusuke en-aut-sei=Haruta en-aut-mei=Yusuke kn-aut-name=晴田佑介 kn-aut-sei=晴田 kn-aut-mei=佑介 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name=河崎陽一 kn-aut-sei=河崎 kn-aut-mei=陽一 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KitamuraYoshihisa en-aut-sei=Kitamura en-aut-mei=Yoshihisa kn-aut-name=北村佳久 kn-aut-sei=北村 kn-aut-mei=佳久 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name=千堂年昭 kn-aut-sei=千堂 kn-aut-mei=年昭 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=125 cd-vols= no-issue=3 article-no= start-page=205 end-page=209 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20131202 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Effect of GBR12909 on affective behavior：Distinguishing motivational behavior from antidepressant-like and addiction-like behavior using the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation kn-title=GBR12909の情動行動への影響：脳内自己刺激行動の Runway法を用いた動機付け行動と，抗うつ様行動および依存様行動の区別 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=EsumiSatoru en-aut-sei=Esumi en-aut-mei=Satoru kn-aut-name=江角悟 kn-aut-sei=江角 kn-aut-mei=悟 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SagaraHidenori en-aut-sei=Sagara en-aut-mei=Hidenori kn-aut-name=相良英憲 kn-aut-sei=相良 kn-aut-mei=英憲 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamotoAkihiko en-aut-sei=Nakamoto en-aut-mei=Akihiko kn-aut-name=中本秋彦 kn-aut-sei=中本 kn-aut-mei=秋彦 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name=河崎陽一 kn-aut-sei=河崎 kn-aut-mei=陽一 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=GomitaYutaka en-aut-sei=Gomita en-aut-mei=Yutaka kn-aut-name=五味田裕 kn-aut-sei=五味田 kn-aut-mei=裕 aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name=千堂年昭 kn-aut-sei=千堂 kn-aut-mei=年昭 aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=松山大学薬学部　医薬情報解析学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=就実大学　薬学部 affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学病院　薬剤部 en-keyword=intracranial self-stimulation kn-keyword=intracranial self-stimulation en-keyword=GBR12909 kn-keyword=GBR12909 en-keyword=motivation kn-keyword=motivation en-keyword=depression kn-keyword=depression en-keyword=addiction kn-keyword=addiction END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=243 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=313 end-page=321 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2013 dt-pub=20130415 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Effect of GBR12909 on affective behavior: Distinguishing motivational behavior from antidepressant-like and addiction-like behavior using the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Rationale: It was recently demonstrated that the priming stimulation effect (PSE) in the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) can be used as a model system to study the motivational effects of drugs. However, the characteristics of this navel experimental model have not been fully clarified. Objective: To elucidate the involvement of dopamine uptake inhibition in motivated behavior and the difference in experimental characteristics between closely related experimental models, we investigated the effects of the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR12909 in the runway ICSS model, in the forced swimming test (FST), and on conditioned place preference (CPP). In addition, the role of dopamine receptor signaling in the runway model was evaluated using dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists. Results: GBR12909 dose-dependently increased running speed on the runway and decreased immobility time in the FST without affecting the time spent in the drug-associated compartment in CPP tests. The effect of GBR12909 in the runway model was inhibited by pre-treatment with the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol and raclopride. The dopamine receptor agonists SKF38393 and quinpirole dose-dependently decreased running speed. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that GBR12909 displays motivation-enhancing and antidepressant-like effects without place conditioning effects. In addition, the mechanisms of PSE enhancement in the runway ICSS model are different from those underlying closely associated experimental models and are mediated by increases in dopamine signaling. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=EsumiSatoru en-aut-sei=Esumi en-aut-mei=Satoru kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=SagaraHidenori en-aut-sei=Sagara en-aut-mei=Hidenori kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakamotoAkihiko en-aut-sei=Nakamoto en-aut-mei=Akihiko kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawasakiYoichi en-aut-sei=Kawasaki en-aut-mei=Yoichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=GomitaYutaka en-aut-sei=Gomita en-aut-mei=Yutaka kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=SendoToshiaki en-aut-sei=Sendo en-aut-mei=Toshiaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmaceutical Information Sciences, Matsuyama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital en-keyword=Motivation kn-keyword=Motivation en-keyword=Intracranial Self-stimulation kn-keyword=Intracranial Self-stimulation en-keyword=Forced swimming test kn-keyword=Forced swimming test en-keyword=Conditioned place preference kn-keyword=Conditioned place preference en-keyword=GBR12909 kn-keyword=GBR12909 en-keyword=Quinpirole kn-keyword=Quinpirole END