start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=4
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=31
end-page=39
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2024
dt-pub=20240331
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Advanced Hospital Training Activities in Fiscal 2023
kn-title=2023年度における「先進病院実習」の取り組み
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=MORITAMizuki
en-aut-sei=MORITA
en-aut-mei=Mizuki
kn-aut-name=森田瑞樹
kn-aut-sei=森田
kn-aut-mei=瑞樹
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MORITomoaki
en-aut-sei=MORI
en-aut-mei=Tomoaki
kn-aut-name=森友明
kn-aut-sei=森
kn-aut-mei=友明
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=AIDAToshiaki
en-aut-sei=AIDA
en-aut-mei=Toshiaki
kn-aut-name=相田敏明
kn-aut-sei=相田
kn-aut-mei=敏明
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=WATANABEToyohiko
en-aut-sei=WATANABE
en-aut-mei=Toyohiko
kn-aut-name=渡邉豊彦
kn-aut-sei=渡邉
kn-aut-mei=豊彦
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FUJIIDaiji
en-aut-sei=FUJII
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=5
ORCID=

en-aut-name=HARADANahoko
en-aut-sei=HARADA
en-aut-mei=Nahoko
kn-aut-name=原田奈穂子
kn-aut-sei=原田
kn-aut-mei=奈穂子
aut-affil-num=6
ORCID=

en-aut-name=HAKAMADARei
en-aut-sei=HAKAMADA
en-aut-mei=Rei
kn-aut-name=袴田玲
kn-aut-sei=袴田
kn-aut-mei=玲
aut-affil-num=7
ORCID=

en-aut-name=YOSHIBAYasuyuki
en-aut-sei=YOSHIBA
en-aut-mei=Yasuyuki
kn-aut-name=吉葉恭行
kn-aut-sei=吉葉
kn-aut-mei=恭行
aut-affil-num=8
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=2
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=3
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=4
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=5
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=6
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=7
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=8
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=55
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=14
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2023
dt-pub=20231124
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Building a perspective on the innovation process of local public services
kn-title=地方公共サービス革新プロセスの視座の構築
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=　When local governments develop public services, they often experience innovation processes. More often, the innovation processes referred to here seem to be the perceived needs for transformation faced with external pressures and the purposive responses to them. This article tries to depict this discourse from a different viewpoint. One of the perspectives that has been proposed so far is that the external environments are made up of multiple actors, and that the historical backgrounds and the relationships between these actors affect the structure of administrative organizations and the methods of providing public services. The transformation processes could be one-time events no matter how long the processes may take, but this article tries to argue they may connote a circular mechanism where both of the administrative organizations and the external actors feedback to each other. In order to elaborate this direction of theorizing, three steps are employed by applying existent literature of various types developed in rather a broader context of social sciences. First, if one of the goals of postmodern theorization is liberating the psychological energies of actors from the cramped social reality that structuralists postulated, then Actor-Network-Theory may be useful. Second, according to Sarasbathy’s research on entrepreneurial behaviors, the view that we effectuate our future through what we can do now is attractive in order to create a new discourse of social innovations, where we appreciate them as not springing out of nowhere all of sudden. Third, once this article accepts polyphonic views on social realities where congested discourses interact during abovementioned process, the role of civic entrepreneurs on the frontline can never be overstated enough. This is because such civic entrepreneurs could cooperate with minority opinions and raise them into broader contexts of dialogues within societies.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KanajiHiroshi
en-aut-sei=Kanaji
en-aut-mei=Hiroshi
kn-aut-name=金治宏
kn-aut-sei=金治
kn-aut-mei=宏
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=京都光華女子大学キャリア形成学部
en-keyword=local government
kn-keyword=local government
en-keyword=public services
kn-keyword=public services
en-keyword=innovation process
kn-keyword=innovation process
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=55
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=77
end-page=87
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2023
dt-pub=20230724
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Oda, N. “Dentou igaku” ga tsukurareru toki: Betonamu iryou seisaku shi［When “Science of Traditional Medicine” Was Constructed: A History of Medical Policy in Vietnam］（Kyoto University Press, 2022）
kn-title=小田なら著『〈伝統医学〉が創られるとき：ベトナム医療政策史』（京都大学学術出版会，2022年）
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=KinoshitaHiroshi
en-aut-sei=Kinoshita
en-aut-mei=Hiroshi
kn-aut-name=木下広志
kn-aut-sei=木下
kn-aut-mei=広志
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=寿晃整骨院

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=2
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=9
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2022
dt-pub=20220331
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=ビジネスケース：島根県隠岐郡海?町の?政改?
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=The Oki Islands, located about 60 km off the coast of the Sea of Japan, north of Shimane Prefecture, constitute an administrative division called Oki District. One of the four manned islands, Nakanoshima, which has an area of 33.43 ? and a circumference of 89.1 km, is called Ama Town as a basic municipality, and it is said that about 7,000 people lived around 1950 at its peak time. The number is, however, currently less than 2,300. The population by over 60 reaches 47.73% and the islanders call this situation a "microcosm of Japan." The climate is relatively warm, and it is a semi-agricultural and semi-fishing island. As is often the case, a traditional local food became the detonator of the island revitalization. The recent popular souvenir "Sazae Curry" was once a home-cooked dish for the islanders using turban shells and delivers the exquisiteness particular to the land and nostalgia of a sort. This is, however, memorabilia of the old days when the "Sazae" was a substitute meat for unwealthy fishermen. Today, on the contrary, the island's agriculture, forestry and fisheries has become known to deliver local specialities such as Oki beef of range cattle, farmed rock oysters from the natural coves, and squids that utilize the latest quick-freezing technology, etc. This economic restructuring is not the only achievement that the administrative reform of Ama Town has demonstrated, which also covers local finance and public education. As a business case, this paper provides a clearer picture of the process of the reform that was initiated in 2000s by the former town mayor, Michio Yamauchi.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=TsutsuiToshimitsu
en-aut-sei=Tsutsui
en-aut-mei=Toshimitsu
kn-aut-name=筒井俊光
kn-aut-sei=筒井
kn-aut-mei=俊光
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Satosho Town Hall, General Affairs Division, Chief
kn-affil=里庄町役場 総務課主査

affil-num=2
en-affil=Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学学術研究院ヘルスシステム統合科学学域
en-keyword=Ama Town
kn-keyword=Ama Town
en-keyword=local government financial reform
kn-keyword=local government financial reform
en-keyword=public education reform
kn-keyword=public education reform
en-keyword=civic entrepreneurship
kn-keyword=civic entrepreneurship
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=1
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=21
end-page=28
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2021
dt-pub=20210331
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Business Case: Tourism Campaigning Process of the Shimanami Kaido Expressway over the Setouchi Inner Sea in Japan
kn-title=ビジネスケース：しまなみ海道の観光資源化
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=The Shimanami Kaido Expressway was visioned as a national project in the early 1970s after two tragic maritime accidents in the Setouchi Inner Sea. Since the express way connecting several islands between Hiroshima and Ehime prefecture was placed in use in 1999, it has always been a valuable means of transportation for islanders and commuters to date. In addition, with the proactive efforts made by local governments, such as Imabari City, Onomichi City, let alone with the central and prefectural governments, it has come to be acknowledged to be a sanctuary for sport cyclists. Eventually, it attracts attentions from all over Japan as a successful benchmark for both businesspeople as well as policy makers who are interested in destination management practices as part of promotion policies of reginal economies. This eventual success, however, had not been envisioned as such for a long time since the commencement of its public usage. It would rather seem that the plan had taken on its shape after a long period of many twists and turns. Furthermore, while local governments have been closely cooperating with different types of stakeholders including the actual islanders to promote the development plans, their ways of thinking are still far from unanimous. The purpose of this article is to provide business and policy students with materials that draw lessons for viewing lengthy socioeconomic processes like this case which eventually converted a nation-level, large-scale infrastructure development plan into an area-specific destination management project.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=NakaoHikari
en-aut-sei=Nakao
en-aut-mei=Hikari
kn-aut-name=中尾光
kn-aut-sei=中尾
kn-aut-mei=光
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Japan Broadcasting Corporation
kn-affil=日本放送協会長崎放送局放送部

affil-num=2
en-affil=Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学大学院ヘルスシステム統合科学研究科
en-keyword=しまなみ海道
kn-keyword=しまなみ海道
en-keyword=観光資源
kn-keyword=観光資源
en-keyword=サイクリング
kn-keyword=サイクリング
en-keyword=DMO
kn-keyword=DMO
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=46
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=11
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2018
dt-pub=20181126
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Toward a J-Form Theory of Knowledge-Creating Firms
kn-title=日本型知識創造の理論構築を目指して
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学大学院大学院ヘルスシステム統合科学研究科
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=50
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=10
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2018
dt-pub=20181107
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Socio-Psychological Impacts of Minoriry in Majoriry: A Preliminary Test
kn-title=多数派内少数者の影響力：予備的考察
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=MoriyaKakeru
en-aut-sei=Moriya
en-aut-mei=Kakeru
kn-aut-name=守矢翔
kn-aut-sei=守矢
kn-aut-mei=翔
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学大学院ヘルスシステム統合科学研究科
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=48
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=55
end-page=65
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2016
dt-pub=20161110
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=An Interview Transcript on GaN Research History with Dr. Herbert Paul Maruska (2)
kn-title=インタビュー録 ： GaN系青色LED開発の先駆者Herbert Paul Maruska博士 （2）
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=48
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=61
end-page=77
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2016
dt-pub=20160715
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=An Interview Transcript on GaN Research History with Dr. Herbert Paul Maruska (1)
kn-title=インタビュー録：GaN系青色LED開発の先駆者Herbert Paul Maruska博士（1）
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学社会文化科学研究科
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=47
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=15
end-page=30
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2015
dt-pub=20150702
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Entrepreneurial Initiatives to the Paradigm Shift towards Sound Material Cycle Economy: A Case Study of Japanese Plastic Food Container Industry
kn-title=資源循環型経済へのパラダイム転換試論： プラスチック製食品用トレーの事例分析
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=46
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=233
end-page=253
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2014
dt-pub=20141218
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Public Supports to Disaster Restoration and Reconstruction Activities: A Report on Staff Dispatch by Social Welfare Councils from Okayama to Miyagi
kn-title=社会福祉協議会による災害復旧・復興支援活動：岡山県から宮城県への職員派遣の事例
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=YoshidaAkira
en-aut-sei=Yoshida
en-aut-mei=Akira
kn-aut-name=吉田明
kn-aut-sei=吉田
kn-aut-mei=明
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=45
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=17
end-page=31
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2013
dt-pub=20131220
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=`Flexible Specialization' Revisited: A Case Study of　Denim Jeans Production in a Japanese Industrial District
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okayama University
kn-affil=岡山大学大学院社会文化科学研究科
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=36
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=41
end-page=62
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2004
dt-pub=20040610
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=“Final Fantasy” in The Rise : Business Case of Square Co. Ltd., A Home Video Game Software Factory
kn-title=『ファイナル・ファンタジー』の誕生―株式会社スクウェアによる家庭用ゲーム・ソフト開発の事例―
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=13
end-page=31
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20051210
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=A view on incentive planning for R&D workers through a case study of the blue LED patent lawsuits in Japan
kn-title=研究開発におけるインセンティブ−青色LED 裁判のケーススタディ−
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=The purpose of this paper is to bring an institutional perspective onto the recent debates about incentive planning for R&D workers in Japan. This purpose is fulfilled through a case study of the recent civil trials in which an ex?employee as a plaintiff claimed any compensation for the corporate in?house inventions about blue light emitting diodes (LED). As long as technical achievements are to belong to an individual worker, the incentive planning which his or her employer may design will have to face two difficult tasks. Firstly, marginal analyses commonly applied in micro economics have certain utilities under the strict assumption of decreasing returns to productive inputs, but not applicable, in principle, to R&D activities. It is because such features as experiential learning and teamwork by technical professionals may increase returns to marginal inputs of technical labor. Secondly, negotiation transactions on the arms lengths basis are alternatively applied instead of the first, but incur many transaction costs between opportunistic players. Recent Japan seems oriented toward the second planning arrangement, but this paper suggests that the economic assessments of corporate in?house inventions should be complemented by peer reviews on the
expectation that professional communities of technical experts share certain paradigms to tell us which inventions are more nascent and valuable and which are not. So far, it is said that these peer reviews have been submitted to courts after plaintiffs file complaints for compensations, but preliminary reviews at the time of patent applications may effectively decrease the probability of unexpected lawsuits and reprieve undue legal costs.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=63
end-page=88
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20050610
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=The Birth of “Final Fantasy”: Square Corporation
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=37
cd-vols=
no-issue=1
article-no=
start-page=19
end-page=34
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2005
dt-pub=20050610
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Entrepreneurial Choices in Strategic Options in Japan’s RPG Development
kn-title=ゲームソフト開発における戦略オプションの選択
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=The purpose of this paper is to examine one of the functions which entrepreneurs may play in the course of industrial development through a case study of Japan’s RPG development race. As Japan’s toy manufacturers often said, their market was characteristic of its small size and considerable demand volatility in comparison to other consumer products. Entrepreneurs must have seen any commitment to a cutting edge product, video games, as only a gamble and therefore behaved in a trial?and?error way. Furthermore, judging from the fact that no one could imagine the video game would come to turn over ?1500 billion in 20 years, the firm level trial?and?errors and their subsequent variety of strategies on the industry level must have been the key to understand the unexpected market growth and technical evolution. However, recent management thoughts told us that the strategic variety in an industry could be possibly indulged by various pressures towards homogeneity. Such counter powers are referred to as organizational isomorphism, strategic bandwagon effects and so on. To examine those pressures which drive entrepreneurs back and forth towards strategic variety, this paper looks at the structural characteristics which underlie the way entrepreneurs see things in an uncertain environment. The case analysis takes the view that the video game industry was so uncertain that nothing could affect so deterministically entrepreneurs’ behaviours other than their perceptions. As a conclusion here, this paper points out some tradeoffs underlying the two different strategies which the twin peaks of Japanese RPG producers, Square and Enix, employed to meet with the uncertainty of the infant RPG market. It also argues that these tradeoffs based on two different perceptions might have kept their startups from the isomorphic indulgence. As a more prospective argument, questioned is the quality of strategic variety which is often deemed as an unquestionable remedy to industrial stagnation.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=8
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=20
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2010
dt-pub=20100326
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=An Essay on Comparative Case Analyses in Management Studies (Part 2)
kn-title=経営学における比較事例研究法に関する一考察 (2)
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学社会文化科学研究科組織経営専攻
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=38
cd-vols=
no-issue=4
article-no=
start-page=39
end-page=50
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2007
dt-pub=200703
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=An Essay on Comparative Case Analyses in Management Studies, Part I.
kn-title=経営学における比較事例研究法に関する一考察（１）
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=本稿は，経営学の分野で，比較事例分析という研究方法が，どのように理論産出に貢献しうるかを考察することを目的とした作業の一部である。
経営学の文脈では，実証的研究方法として事例研究が頻繁に実施されている。しかしながら，成果として提出される理論がどの程度妥当なものと認められ得るのかについて，常に批判に晒されるリスクを負っている。単純ではあるけれども，もっとも強力な批判の矛先は，ごく少数の事例を見ただけ
では，仮説の検証という意味では心もとない，というその一点に向けられている。確かに事例研究に対する擁護者は存在するけれども，投稿論文でも「仮説」という用語を論文に用いるや否や，匿名査読者から例外なく容赦ない批判を浴びせられるのが現実である。
そもそも事例研究は，仮説の普遍的妥当性を主張するものではない。登場する行為者の目的や動機，さらに行為者間の相互作用過程にまで踏み込んだ，内部一貫した論理展開を行うことのほうが，経営現象をより深いレベルで理解できるはずだという認識が，その主張の根底に流れている。事例分析を行う研究者は，仮説の検証ではなくて，理論産出を目指すのが良いと言い換えられるかもしれない。この目的に照らせば，既存の研究蓄積との対比で問題が提起され，理論的主張に対して事例記述が例証と位置づけられることによって，事例研究は成り立つことになる。
ただしその主張にたどり着くまでの調査過程で，どのような問題を提起し，どのような主張を展開すべきなのかに迷ってしまうことがある。というのは，しばしば事例記述のためのデータ収集には長い時間と多大な労力がかかるために，どこに向かうべきなのか「腹を括る」よりも前に実質的な試行
錯誤を始めざるを得ないからである。
毎日図書館に通って，高度経済成長の最中に出版された（しかも開けばまだ真新しい）新聞の縮刷版をひっくり返したり，やっとの思いでキー・パーソンへのアクセスがかなったにも拘わらず，気の利いた質問のひとつもぶつけられずに悔しい思いをしたり，調査協力者に内容確認を依頼した結果，公表を辞めるよう求められたり，どこに向かうとも知れない憂鬱な作業は続く。さらにその事例については他の誰よりも詳しく通じてしまった結果，理論的な整理が付かないまま膨大な事実を草稿の中で列挙してしまうというのも，多かれ少なかれ誰にでもあり得る。これらのことが定性的な研究方法は「職人仕事」であると皮肉られる理由にもなっており，とくに仮説検証を重視する人々にとっては，追試可能性の低さと結びつけて，格好の批判材料を提供することになる。本稿の意図が，こうした見解に加担することではないのは言うまでもない。しかしながら，筆者自身が事例研究を行う立場だからこそ，それがあまりに感性とか根性論に訴えねばならないもののように思われて，歯がゆい思いをすることも多いのである。
以上のような試行錯誤のプロセスは，研究者として駆け出しの間は当然避けられないものだけれども，標準的とは言わないまでも「何かしら有意義な理論の産出に辿りつくまでに最低限やっておくと良いこと」という意味での研究作法があればこそ，研究者コミュニティ全体での知識の効率的蓄積が可能というものである。その研究作法が，産出された理論の確からしさを一定程度保証してくれる方法論的配慮がなされたものであれば，より望ましい。
ここで有用なアドバイスが，グレイザー・シュトラウス（１９６７）に求められる。理論産出に主眼を置き，「理論的サンプリング」による絶えざる比較法を用いることで，研究者の着眼は理論的にも有
意味な構成概念へと昇華させることができると示唆されている。理論的サンプリングとは，まず十分な分散を確保したデータがあることを前提としたランダムサンプリングとは対照的に，理論的に有意義と考えられる比較対象を分析者が意図的に選択し，比較分析を何度も繰り返すことで，新たな構成
概念を発見するというものである。
ただし残念なことに，この文献は一読して理解できるという性質のものではない。読者が自らの経験や知識を当てはめながら少しずつ解釈を加えていかないことには，著者の豊かな含意を捉え損なうものである。そこで筆者は，いくつか参考になりそうな文献を渉猟しながら，比較作業が理論の産出
という研究作業にどのような指針を与え，最終的な理論的主張に対して方法論的な正当性をどのように与えうるのかを議論することにした。
筆者自身は経営学を専攻としており，グレイザーらは医療現場を分析対象としている社会学者であるので，両者の認識ギャップを埋める作業は容易ではない。いくらか遠回りのようではあるけれども，まず本稿では経営学者としてグレイザーらの所論に依拠しつつ，実際に比較事例研究を実践した
研究者の著作に当たることから始めようと考えている。続いて次稿以降では，グレイザーらの研究領域である医療現場の社会学を対象にして，彼らの意図するところをより深く掘り下げていくことを予
定している。最終的には，筆者自身の立場を明らかにする作業が必要になるけれども，それはもう少し先のこととなろう。
本稿は，いわば先人の研究実践を事例研究することを通じて，筆者なりの研究作法を探る試行錯誤プロセスの一環であり，相撲で言えばぶつかり稽古のようなものである。
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=39
cd-vols=
no-issue=2
article-no=
start-page=1
end-page=20
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2007
dt-pub=200709
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Evolving Technical Capabilities in Turmoil : A Field Research on The Value Chain Network of Denim Jeans Industry in The Setouchi District (1)
kn-title=産地力の持続メカニズムの探求 ジーンズ製販ネットワークのフィールド調査（１）
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=This research is a field study on the production?distribution network of denim jeans in the Setouchi district, being faced with the recent global competitive pressures. It has long been said that the textile and apparel industries in developed countries have been challenged by those developing economies that enjoy the advantages of low labor costs. The Setouchi district, which have had a long tradition of the industries, was no exception. It suffered a serious recession during the 1990s and 2000s and have lost their major customer bases. Amongst them, however, the denim jeans industry could survive the period by handling the negative impact from abroad in its own way. Since the denim jeans industry first
appeared in Japan in the 1960s, the district has established itself as the center of the industry and long sustained its better competitive positions. It seems true that successful manufacturers not only pass their traditional production capabilities to younger generations but also promote technical evolution to make the new capabilities fit into the new market conditions, which are more quality oriented, fragmented and unstable. We conduct a field research to illuminate to what extent the Setouchi district has been successful in the denim jeans production and distribution and how it has been achieved. This paper, which is a part of the report of our whole research, especially attempts to suggest a potential approach to the industry, which owes a lot to a new philosophical movement called ‘communities of practice.’ We suggest that our new approach should be more appropriate than conventional approaches in that it can firstly explain the psychological climates of the Setouchi
district which are characteristically individualistic. Secondly, although local economies were previously understood to be facilitated by the network based succession and diffusion of technical and commercial knowledge, it seems that manufacturers’ learning behaviors in this district tend to rely more on the independent trial and error method.
kn-abstract=本稿は，岡山大学経済学部と(財)岡山経済研究所の共同研究プロジェクトの一環として行われた調査研究の報告書に加筆修正を加えたものである。その報告書は，会員組織である岡山経済研究所の会員向け冊子として配布される予定であり，それとは別に経営学などの研究者に向けて成果を公表することが，本稿の目的となっている。紙幅の制約上，いくつかの独立した論考としての体裁をとりながら連続して掲載する予定であり，その構成は以下の通りである。
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TomaeHisao
en-aut-sei=Tomae
en-aut-mei=Hisao
kn-aut-name=戸前壽夫
kn-aut-sei=戸前
kn-aut-mei=壽夫
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=YamamotoTomoyuki
en-aut-sei=Yamamoto
en-aut-mei=Tomoyuki
kn-aut-name=山本智之
kn-aut-sei=山本
kn-aut-mei=智之
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=InoueJiro
en-aut-sei=Inoue
en-aut-mei=Jiro
kn-aut-name=井上治郎
kn-aut-sei=井上
kn-aut-mei=治郎
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=39
cd-vols=
no-issue=3
article-no=
start-page=23
end-page=42
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2007
dt-pub=200712
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Evolving Technical Capabilities in Turmoil : A Field Research on The Value Chain Network of Denim Jeans Industry in The Setouchi District (2)
kn-title=産地力の持続メカニズムの探求 〜ジーンズ製販ネットワークのフィールド調査（２）〜
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=This paper reports our field research regarding the denim jeans production? distribution network in the Setouchi district. As argued in the previous paper, existing literatures fail to explain why and how the district has achieved technical and commercial sustainability regardless of facing fierce competitive pressures from abroad. We report some facts that the literatures have not fully acknowledged and therefore will lead us to reconstruct the way of seeing how the district works. The behaviors of the players in our research field seem to be more complex than theoretically predicted. A current popular way of explaining industrial agglomerations is the network based approach that can suitably illuminate numerous invisible networks functioning as flexible value chains to respond to the received orders from outside of the district. However, this approach is said to be less powerful when we turn our focus onto the players’ individualistic and innovative behaviors since networks are essentially the human relations through which information and knowledge is collaboratively shared by the players. We believe that people in the district are highly intrinsically motivated, change their business models and hold ambivalent feelings towards the old paradigm where collaborative networks share incoming consumer information, technical knowledge and revenues from the market. We firstly report the history of Japan’s denim jeans industry. Secondly, the competitive structure of the recent market follows. Lastly we focus on the recent entrants into the market who symbolically illuminate the vitality of the district. We will elaborate in our forthcoming paper a possible mechanism underlying the sustainable competitiveness of the district.
kn-abstract=本稿の目的は，産地型集積の維持・発展メカニズムの分析に先立つ予備的作業として，三備地区が他の繊維・アパレル産地に比較して産地力の持続に成功していることをフィールド調査を通じて考察することである。これに必要な作業としてまず，デニム・ジーンズの歴史や，ジーンズの消費財としての特殊性，三備地区がジーンズに出会ってから今日に到るまでの大きな流れなどを掴む。また倉敷市児島地区を中心とした製販ネットワークの現状を具体的に報告する。前稿で述べたように，産業集積にアプローチするうえで比較優位説を展開した「ヘクシャー＝オリン定理」を採用するのと並行して，Porter（１９９０a，１９９０b）が前提するようなプレイヤーの自律的行 為能力を重視したいというのが，本研究の立場であった。ヘクシャー＝オリン定理を適用すると，綿花の産地であった三備地区で綿素材を中心とした繊維・アパレル産業が形成されたことを理解しやすいであろうし，時代の変化に応じて企業が戦略的に経営の舵を切る様子に着目し，児島地区を中心とした製販ネットワークを産地型集積の一例として捉えることもまた有意義な作業であろう。ジーンズ産地の持続・発展のメカニズムを考察するとき，さらに一歩踏み込んで既存の産業集積論では説明しきれない部分を探し出し，より包括的な理解を構築したいと考えている。そこで＜実践コミュニティ＞という新しい視座の導入を試みるのだけれども，具体的には，産地内の企業間の切磋琢磨や競争的な試行錯誤が，ジーンズ産地の持続・発展に影響を与えた可能性を探求したいと考えている。ただしその分析作業は，次章以降の課題である。本章では，既存の理論を若干意識しながら，まずデニム・ジーンズや三備地区の簡単な歴史を振り返り，ジーンズ固有の厚地，芯白，綾織といった特性について説明し，三備地区が綿花の産地から紡績，織物，縫製など繊維産地へ発展した流れを追う（第２節）。続いて，企業が戦略的に経営の舵を切っていく「ジーンズ国産化」の流れを追う（第３節）。すなわち他のアパレル製品と比較してデニム・ジーンズの最大の特徴であり，またアメリカのジーンズには本来なかった洗い加工技術を中心にして，三備地区のジーンズ作りに対する取組みを概観する。続いてインタビューを通じて得られた三備地区に関するイメージを報告する。まず集積の主体である企業群を大きく３つの業態に分割し，それらの特徴を理念型として整理し，それぞれのメリットとデメリットを報告する（第４節）。続いて集積メリットのひとつとして，若手経営者の起業を促す要素を考察し，どのような試みが展開されているのかを報告する（第５節）。
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TomaeHisao
en-aut-sei=Tomae
en-aut-mei=Hisao
kn-aut-name=戸前壽夫
kn-aut-sei=戸前
kn-aut-mei=壽夫
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=YamamotoTomoyuki
en-aut-sei=Yamamoto
en-aut-mei=Tomoyuki
kn-aut-name=山本智之
kn-aut-sei=山本
kn-aut-mei=智之
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=InoueJiro
en-aut-sei=Inoue
en-aut-mei=Jiro
kn-aut-name=井上治郎
kn-aut-sei=井上
kn-aut-mei=治郎
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=
END

start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=39
cd-vols=
no-issue=4
article-no=
start-page=177
end-page=187
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2008
dt-pub=200803
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=Evolving Technical Capabilities in Turmoil :A Field Research on The Value Chain Network of Denim Jeans Industry in The Setouchi District (3)
kn-title=産地力の持続メカニズムの探求 〜ジーンズ製販ネットワークのフィールド調査（３）〜
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=本章の目的は，国内生産とりわけ三備地区でのジーンズ作りについて，インタビューを中心に行った調査結果を整理しながら報告し，そこからジーンズ産地力の持続メカニズムを抽出することである。第二次世界大戦の終結後，米国文化とともに，その象徴的な存在として中古ジーンズが日本に流入しはじめ，１９５０年代には活発に取引されるようになった。１９６０年代には国産ジーンズが若者を中心に人気を博し，三備地区を中心にジーンズ産地が形成されたが，産地形成には伝統的な技術蓄積の存在，リーディング企業の発生，染色の技術革新などが寄与していた。その後，ジーンズ市場の拡大と
ともに，紆余曲折しながらもジーンズ産地としての当地が発展を遂げてきた。ところが１９９０年代後半になると，ジーンズ生産の海外移転が始まった。また現在ファッションのサイクルはより短く，ユーザーの嗜好が多様化するなかで，市場の新たな要求に応えていける能力が求められるようになり，ジーンズ産地は変質を迫られてきた。現在，三備地区は変化の激しいジーンズ市場に対して機敏に対応できる生産力を有しているとされる。ジーンズの高付加価値化を可能にする技術・ノウハウが内在し，事業や技術を確実に伝承していくだけの起業者を確保している産地といえるかもしれない。この産地力の持続メカニズムを多少なりとも明らかにしたいというのが，本章の目的である。比較優位説が予想するように，綿花栽培に適した風土を有し，歴史的にも綿素材のアパレル製品供給力が高かったことは言うまでもない。本章はそれに加えて，産地力の持続性を説明する，産地に住み働く人々の自律的行為能力を加味したメカニズムを探求することをとくに狙っている。強力な集権的コントロールを欠いた産地型集積のなかでも，この地方は個人の我の強さや商魂の逞しさで知られており，そうした特長をもつ中小企業の経営者達が産地で生活し働くことから何をメリットと感じ，また産地全体として何らかの経済効果を挙げているとすれば，それはいかなる論理によって可能なのかを考察する。以下では第２部での報告に基づいて，産地全体に底流する産地力の持続メカニズムの論理化を試みる（第２節）。基本的には第１部で論じた協調的学習の場，すなわち〈実践コミュニティ〉として産地を眺め，メカニズムの抽出に努めている。
kn-abstract=This paper is the final report of our field research of the denim Jeans value chain network in the Setouchi district. Based on the argument delivered in our earlier reports, we now concentrate on the mechanism which underlies the survival of the district under the fierce global competitive pressures. We suggest that local economies such as ours full of small and medium sized producers of denim jeans tend to have individualistic industrial climates. Textile converters and fashion designers and the like do not hesitate to learn from their competitors by imitation. This is because they usually receive training on commercial knowledge and technical skills through their actual daily jobs instead of formal education at professional schools. Imitation is not only an important part of their professional learning, but also one of effective ways to save experimental costs to raise numerous ideas and prototype new products. This tendency creates a certain level of homogeneity of product designs, which also creates certain pressures for the manufacturers to differentiate themselves from their own competitors. Under this anbivalent iudustrial climate, the manufacturers
seek their uniqueness through improvised reinterpretation of the original product designs. This uniqueness which creeps in the imitation process may come from the recent movement where some of young and entrepreneurial startups and the like acquire deserted production capacities that used to be owned by older generations. Faced with the recent fierce competitive pressures, such old generations have lost their motivation to continue their business and deserted their production facilities. The younger generation gives lives to such facilities and receives wider learning opportunities and flexible production capabilities under the new low?volume diversified production paradigm. Under this new circumstance, planned obsolescence of products becomes common and overall design and production capabilities are deemed to evolve quite quickly and effectively.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=FujiiDaiji
en-aut-sei=Fujii
en-aut-mei=Daiji
kn-aut-name=藤井大児
kn-aut-sei=藤井
kn-aut-mei=大児
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TomaeHisao
en-aut-sei=Tomae
en-aut-mei=Hisao
kn-aut-name=戸前壽夫
kn-aut-sei=戸前
kn-aut-mei=壽夫
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=YamamotoTomoyuki
en-aut-sei=Yamamoto
en-aut-mei=Tomoyuki
kn-aut-name=山本智之
kn-aut-sei=山本
kn-aut-mei=智之
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=InoueJiro
en-aut-sei=Inoue
en-aut-mei=Jiro
kn-aut-name=井上治郎
kn-aut-sei=井上
kn-aut-mei=治郎
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=岡山大学

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=
END