start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=89 end-page=96 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Varietal Variation and Mechanism of Hull-cracked Grains in Two-rowed Barley kn-title=二条オオムギにおける裂皮粒歩合の品種変異と発生機構 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=二条カワムギ615品種を供試して裂皮粒（外頴が裂けて頴果が外から見えるもの）の発生歩合を調査した。全体の83％にあたる513品種では裂皮粒歩合が5％以下であったが、最高の品種は61％と高い値を示し、裂皮粒歩合の頻度分布は極めて歪んでいた。在来品種に比べて育成品種の中には裂皮粒歩合の高いものが多く、品種改善、特にビール麦としての品種改善の方向と裂皮粒の発生には関係があるとみられた。次に裂皮粒歩合の異なる二条オオムギ9品種を様々な条件で栽培し、裂皮粒歩合と1,000粒重を調査したところ、両者の環境相関係数は0.918と密接で、登熟の良い環境条件で裂皮粒が多発すること、すなわち、穀皮の大きさに比べて穀粒が大きくなり過ぎるような条件で裂皮粒が発生することが明らかにされた。 kn-abstract=Hull-cracked grain which causes low germinability and low malt extract has been observed in malting barley varieties mainly in the western part of Japan. In the first part of this study, more than 600 two-rowed barley varieties were examined for the percentage of hull-cracked grains. A markedly skewed frequency distribution pattern was observed for varietal variation of hull-cracked grain percentage. More than 80% of the varieties developed less than 5% hull-cracked grains, while a few of the varieties frequently developed the hull-cracked grains. The maximum hull-cracked grain percentage was as high as 61% in Yoshikei 16. Improved varieties developed hull-cracked grains more frequently than the local varieties, indicating varietal improvement indirectly caused the hull-cracked grains. In the second part, nine two-rowed varieties were grown in eight different conditions to analyze the mechanism of hull-cracking. Variances due to varieties, environment and their interaction were all statistically significant. Some of the varieties developed almost no hull-cracked grains throughout the environmental conditions examined, while others sharply responded to the environmental conditions. The environmental correlation coefficient between 1,000-kernel weight and hull-cracked grains was as high as 0.918, indicating that hull-cracked grains had developed under favorable ripening conditions. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KanataniRyoichi en-aut-sei=Kanatani en-aut-mei=Ryoichi kn-aut-name=金谷良一 kn-aut-sei=金谷 kn-aut-mei=良一 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaKazuyoshi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Kazuyoshi kn-aut-name=武田和義 kn-aut-sei=武田 kn-aut-mei=和義 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Barley kn-keyword=Barley en-keyword=Varietal varietal kn-keyword=Varietal varietal en-keyword=Hull-crached grain kn-keyword=Hull-crached grain en-keyword=Ripening kn-keyword=Ripening END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=79 end-page=88 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=オオムギの組換え型自殖系統、同質遺伝子系統、および倍加半数体系統を用いた発芽時における耐塩性の遺伝解析 kn-title=Genetical Studies on Salt Tolerance at Germination in Recombinant Inbred, Isogenic,　and Doubled Haploid Lines of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=オオムギの発芽時みおける耐塩性と形態マーカーとの連鎖関係を調べるために、Russia 6×HES 4の交雑から養成した組換え型自殖系統125系統と同質遺伝子系統70系統、およびLeger×CI 9831の交雑から養成した倍加半数体145系統の種子を1.5％の塩化ナトリウム溶液を用いて20℃、12時間日長の条件で発芽させ、置床後10日後に調査してシュートを25mm以上抽出した種子の置床種子に対する割合をもって発芽時の耐塩性とした。各種主働遺伝子が発芽時の耐塩性に及ぼす影響を解析するために、組換え型自殖系統、同質遺伝子系統、および倍加半数体系統を親品種間の間で異なる形質によって群別し、発芽時の耐塩性を比較した。その結果、Russia 6×HES 4の組換え型自殖系統、および同質遺伝子系統においては六条型は二条型よりも耐塩性が有意に強く、また、Leger×CI 9831の倍加半数体系統においては二条型は六条型よりも、底刺の短毛は長毛よりもそれぞれ耐塩性が有意に強く、条性間の耐塩性の強弱は交雑組合せによって逆転した。一方、芒の粗滑、穂密度、および頴色の比較においては有意差が認められなかった。以上の結果から、条性を支配するν遺伝子、および底刺のタイプを支配するs遺伝子と発芽時の耐塩性を支配する遺伝子との関連性が推察された。また、芒の粗滑を支配するr遺伝子、穂密度を支配するl遺伝子、および頴色を支配するRe-2遺伝子と発芽時の耐塩性は独立であると考えられた。 kn-abstract=To determine the relationship between morphological markers and salt tolerance at germination in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a total of 125 recombinant inbred (RI) lines of Russia 6×HES 4, a seriesof 70 isogenic (IG) lines for V/ν gene derived from Russia 6×HES 4, and 145 doubled haploid (DH) lines of Leger×CI 9831 were evaluated for their salt tolerance at germination. Comparison between each set of character pairs revealed that the six-rowed type was significantly more tolerant than the two-rowed type in the RI and IG lines of Russia 6×HES 4, annd the two-rowed type and the short haired rachilla type were significantly more tolerant than the six-rowed type and the long haired rachilla type in the DH lines of Leger×CI 9831. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in salt tolerance such as the smoothness of awn, ear density, and lemma color, r (awn type), l (ear density), and Re-2 (lemma color) genes inherited independent of gene(s) for salt tolerance at germination. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ManoYoshiro en-aut-sei=Mano en-aut-mei=Yoshiro kn-aut-name=間野吉郎 kn-aut-sei=間野 kn-aut-mei=吉郎 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakedaKazuyoshi en-aut-sei=Takeda en-aut-mei=Kazuyoshi kn-aut-name=武田和義 kn-aut-sei=武田 kn-aut-mei=和義 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Doubled haploid lines kn-keyword=Doubled haploid lines en-keyword=Hordeum vulgare kn-keyword=Hordeum vulgare en-keyword=Isogenic lines kn-keyword=Isogenic lines en-keyword=Recombinant inbred lines kn-keyword=Recombinant inbred lines en-keyword=Salt tolerancce kn-keyword=Salt tolerancce END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=73 end-page=78 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=オオムギのアブラムシ抵抗性とグラミン：EDTA法による解析 kn-title=Gramine and Resistance of Barley to Aphids : Analysis of EDTA Exdates from Barley Leaves en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=オオムギのアブラムシ抵抗性要因物質の一つ、グラミンは幼苗に多量に存在している。アブラムシ口針切断法とEDTA法を用いて、アブラムシが吸汁するオオムギの師管液にグラミンが存在しているかどうか検討した。幼苗に寄生しているアブラムシの口針をレーザ光線を用いて切断したが、師管液は得られなかった。オオムギ葉を切断しEDTA溶液に浸し、切り口から液中に浸潤してくる成分は師管液に非常に類似したものといわれている。このEDTA法により得られた浸潤液のグラミンと糖の含量を時間を追って測定したところ、グラミンが師管液中に存在する可能性を示唆する結果を得た。 kn-abstract=Young leaves of barley contain a large amount of gramine, which is one of the factors involved in the resistance of barley against aphids. Using stylectomy by laser beam and EDTA-exudate method, we tried to determine if gramine exists in phloem sap which aphids ingest mainly. Phloem sap was not obtained by laser stylectomy using aphids feeding on young leaves. Components of exudates from cut leaves of barley in EDTA solution are known to be very similar to phloem sap. The time course of sucrose and gramine content of EDTA exudates from barley leaves suggested the existence of gramine in phloem sap. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YoshidaHideya en-aut-sei=Yoshida en-aut-mei=Hideya kn-aut-name=吉田英哉 kn-aut-sei=吉田 kn-aut-mei=英哉 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawadaKazuo en-aut-sei=Kawada en-aut-mei=Kazuo kn-aut-name=河田和雄 kn-aut-sei=河田 kn-aut-mei=和雄 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Barley kn-keyword=Barley en-keyword=Resistance to aphids kn-keyword=Resistance to aphids en-keyword=Gramine kn-keyword=Gramine en-keyword=EDTA kn-keyword=EDTA en-keyword=Localization kn-keyword=Localization END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=67 end-page=71 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Oviposition Factors of Ponticulothrips diospyrosi on Persimmon Seedling Leaves kn-title=カキクダアザミウマの産卵要因の解析 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=カキ芽出し苗を用いてカキクダアザミウマ（Ponticulothrips diospyrosi Haga et Okajima）の産卵要因を解析した。羽化した新成虫は、高温及び低温条件を経なくても、本葉が展開する以前の苗があればゴールを形成し産卵した。温度に関しては、15℃、20℃でゴールを形成したが、15℃では産卵しなかった。しかし、15℃でゴールを形成した後、25℃に移すと産卵した。25℃ではゴールは形成されず、従って産卵もしなかった。日長は産卵に影響しなかった。本葉の展開した苗に雌成虫を放飼してもゴールは形成されず。産卵もしなかったが、展開直後の本葉を直径3.2mmのビーバーラインチューブに巻入れると産卵した。一方、老熟した本葉を巻入れても産卵しなかった。さらに、葉に食害痕のみられなかった場合にも産卵しなかった。以上の結果、野外で年一化の生活史をする本アザミウマの雌成虫の産卵には、高温長日及び低温短日を経る必要がなく、20℃〜25℃で巻いた状態のカキの若葉が存在すれば産卵可能であると推定される。 kn-abstract=The thrips Ponticulothrips diospyrosi Haga et Okajima is an univoltine species which aestivates and overwinters in the adult form in the fields. The oviposition factors of the thrips were investigated on persimmon seedling leaves. The adult female could make a gall and oviposit inside it in vitro. Female could make a gall and oviposit at 20℃, but only make a gall at 15℃. Although it could neither make a gall nor oviposit at 25℃, it oviposited at than temperature when placed on a gall. Female neither made a gall nor oviposited on an extended young leat. However, it could oviposit on the young leaf rolled artificially in a line tube (3.2 mm diam.), but not on the old one. These findings show that univoltine of the thrips may be regulated by the phenology of the host plant and females can oviposit whenever they are placed on the seedlings at the optimum oviposition temperature. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=UchiyamaKeiji en-aut-sei=Uchiyama en-aut-mei=Keiji kn-aut-name=内山圭二 kn-aut-sei=内山 kn-aut-mei=圭二 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KawadaKazuo en-aut-sei=Kawada en-aut-mei=Kazuo kn-aut-name=河田和雄 kn-aut-sei=河田 kn-aut-mei=和雄 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Oviposition factor kn-keyword=Oviposition factor en-keyword=Thrips kn-keyword=Thrips en-keyword=Ponticulothrips diospyrosi kn-keyword=Ponticulothrips diospyrosi en-keyword=Gall kn-keyword=Gall en-keyword=Persimmon kn-keyword=Persimmon END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=59 end-page=65 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Population Increases of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover kn-title=モモアカアブラムシとワタアブラムシの個体群増殖 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=モモアカアブラムシとワタアブラムシについて、それぞれダイコンとキュウリを餌植物として、一連の温度条件での個体群増殖のパラメータを求めた。産子数はアカアブラムシの方が多かった。しかし、生存期間はワタアブラムシの方が長かった。羽化後の日別産子数と日別生存率から求めた純繁殖率と内的自然増加率は、モモアカアブラムシでは、15℃で、61.50と0.21、20℃で60.60と0.33であった。ワタアブラムシでは、15℃で37.90と0.22、20℃で45.70と0.32、25℃で40.60と0.42であった。 kn-abstract=The reproduction of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) on raddish and Aphis gossypii Glover on cucumber was studied at different temperatures. The parameters of population growth in these aphids were calculated by the age-specific fecundities (mx) and survival rate (lx). The net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of M. persicae were 61.50 and 0.21 at 15℃, and 60.60 and 0.33 at 20℃, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of A. gossypii were 37.90 and 0.22 at 15℃, 45.70 and 0.32 at 20℃, and 40.60 and 0.42 at 25℃, respectively. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MuraiTamotsu en-aut-sei=Murai en-aut-mei=Tamotsu kn-aut-name=村井保 kn-aut-sei=村井 kn-aut-mei=保 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Population growth kn-keyword=Population growth en-keyword=Net reproductive rate kn-keyword=Net reproductive rate en-keyword=Intrinsic rate kn-keyword=Intrinsic rate en-keyword=Myzus persicae kn-keyword=Myzus persicae en-keyword=Aphis gossypii kn-keyword=Aphis gossypii END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=49 end-page=58 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=幼苗期と成熟期のオオムギ系統間における禾穀類アブラムシの密度とグラミン含量の関係 kn-title=Relationship between Gramine Concentration and Cereal Aphid Polulations in Seedling and Maturation Stages in Barley Lines en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=オオムギ（Hordeum spontaneum及びH.vulgare）14系統の幼苗期と成熟期における、アブラムシの密度とインドールアルカロイド化合物であるグラミン含量の関係を調べた。温室内の幼苗では、グラミン含量に関わらずムギミドリアブラムシ（Schizaphis graminum）の寄生密度に有意差は認められなかった。一方、ムギクビレアブラムシ（Rhopalosiphum padi）の密度は、幼苗間で異なる場合もあった。圃場におけるアブラムシの寄生に対して、抵抗性は出穂期に顕著に現れた。アブラムシの寄生密度とグラミン含量の間には負の相関が認められた。成熟期のオオムギでは、グラミンの分解活性の高い感受性系統と比較して、抵抗性系統のグラミン含量は多く、特に野生系統では著しかった。 kn-abstract=The relationship between the indole alkaloid gramine concentration and aphid population was examined seedling and maturation stages in 14 barley lines of Hordeum spontaneum and H. unlgare. The density of Schizaphis graminum did not differ significantly with the gramine concentration in the seedling in the greenhouse. However, the population of Rhopalosiphum padi sometimes differed with the seedling. The plant resistance to the natural infestation of cereal aphids was obvious at the heading stage. There was a negative correlation between the high population density of aphids and gramine concentration. The gramine concentration was high in matured resistant resistant lines, especially wild lines, as compared with susceptible lines due to higher biodegradation activity. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=MoharramipourSaeid en-aut-sei=Moharramipour en-aut-mei=Saeid kn-aut-name=MoharramipourSaeid kn-aut-sei=Moharramipour kn-aut-mei=Saeid aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MurataShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Murata en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name=村田眞一 kn-aut-sei=村田 kn-aut-mei=眞一 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Barley kn-keyword=Barley en-keyword=Resistance kn-keyword=Resistance en-keyword=Gramine kn-keyword=Gramine en-keyword=Cereal aphids kn-keyword=Cereal aphids END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=43 end-page=48 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Relationship between Resistance to Cereal Aphids and Gramine Concentration in Beer Barley kn-title=ビールムギのアブラムシ抵抗性とグラミン含量 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=ビールムギを含む各種オオムギへのアブラムシの寄生数と、グラミン含量に注目して実験を行った。用いたビールムギは他のオオムギに比べ、アブラムシに比較的抵抗性を示すものが多く、極端な感受性を示す品種はなかった。特に、アサヒ5号やハルナ2条は野生系統H603（W603）に近い抵抗性を示した。ビールムギのグラミン含量はいずれも低く、アブラムシの寄生密度との間には負の相関が見られなかった。 kn-abstract=To beer barley resistance to cereal aphids, the relationship between the aphid density and gramine concentration was examined in various barley lines including beer barley cultivars. All beer barley cultivars tested were resistant or moderately resistant to the aphids, especially Asahi 5 and Haruna Nijo were similar to a wild line, H603 (W603), for checking resistant. However, these beer barleys contained much less gramine than the wild barley line, suggesting that another resistant factor(s) affects cereal aphid density. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KasaharaToshihiko en-aut-sei=Kasahara en-aut-mei=Toshihiko kn-aut-name=笠原敏彦 kn-aut-sei=笠原 kn-aut-mei=敏彦 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=SaeidMoharramipour en-aut-sei=Saeid en-aut-mei=Moharramipour kn-aut-name=SaeidMoharramipour kn-aut-sei=Saeid kn-aut-mei=Moharramipour aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Beer barley kn-keyword=Beer barley en-keyword=Cereal aphid kn-keyword=Cereal aphid en-keyword=Resistance kn-keyword=Resistance en-keyword=Gramine kn-keyword=Gramine END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=33 end-page=42 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=トウモロコシに含まれるDIMBOAとアブラムシ抵抗性の関係 kn-title=The Relationship between DIMBOA Concentration in Corn Lines and Resistance to Aphids en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=ハイドロキサム酸のDIMBOAは特定のイネ科植物にあり、寄生する昆虫や病原菌に対して抵抗性物質となっている。一方、トウモロコシにはトウモロコシアブラムシとムギクビレアブラムシが寄生し、養分奪取、排泄する甘露によるスス病や萎縮病ウイルスの伝播者としての害をもたらしている。トウモロコシの21系統を1990年と1991年に栽培し、生育に伴うDIMBOA含量の消長とアブラムシの寄生の変化を調べた。DIMBOAは単位体重当り若齢期に多量を含有し、生育に伴って少量になり、老齢期になると検出不可能の量となった。使用した系統は全て多少ともアブラムシに対して抵抗性を示し、オオムギやコムギなどで見られた増殖は見られなかった。大増殖している農家の圃場から移植したが、DIMBOA含量の多い若齢期においては急速に死滅した。DIMBOA含量の少ない成熟期から老齢期にかけては若干管生存した。ムギミドリアブラムシを用いて、人工飼育液にDIMBOA等を添加して生存率を調べて、他の作用物質との関連を考察した。トウモロコシには同じ篩管に含有されるアコニット酸も多量にあり、両物質が共に抵抗性物質であると考えられた。 kn-abstract=2,4-Dihydrox-7-methoxy1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid is considered to be one of the components responsible for the resistance to pest insects in cereal plants. The relationship between concentration of DIMBOA and aphid infestation on 21 corn lines was investigated in 1990 and 1991. DIMBOA was detected in leaves od all corn lines tested, contained larger amounts in young plants and gradually decreased with growth. This property was the same as observed in wheat. A more than ten times difference in DIMBOA concentration was observed in corn lines. However, there was no positive correlation between DIMBOA concentration and aphid density. Most of the lines used had resistance to aphids. Resistance may be built together with other components such as (E)-aconitic acid. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=RustamakiMaqsood A en-aut-sei=Rustamaki en-aut-mei=Maqsood A kn-aut-name=RustamakiMaqsood A kn-aut-sei=Rustamaki kn-aut-mei=Maqsood A aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShiragaTakashi en-aut-sei=Shiraga en-aut-mei=Takashi kn-aut-name=白神孝 kn-aut-sei=白神 kn-aut-mei=孝 aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Apfid kn-keyword=Apfid en-keyword=Resistant substance kn-keyword=Resistant substance en-keyword=Hydroxamic acid kn-keyword=Hydroxamic acid en-keyword=DIMBOA kn-keyword=DIMBOA en-keyword=Corn kn-keyword=Corn END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=25 end-page=31 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=メダカハネカクシの尾部分分泌物 kn-title=Pygidial Secretion of Stenus Rove Beetles (Coleoptera : Staphilinidae) en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=ハネカクシ科の成虫は亜科や属によって特徴のある方法と特有の物質で防御分泌を行っている。メダカハネカクシ属の成虫は分泌器官を尾部に有し、エーテルに浸漬すると反転して肛門の両側に突出した。ホソフタホシメダカハネカクシをタバコ畑や野菜畑でスジクロメダカハネカクシ、コクロメダカハネカクシとトビイロメダカハネカクシを池、川やダムの水辺で採集した。採集虫はエーテルに約一分間浸漬して、分泌させた。分泌器官を観察し、分泌物と器官に残存している成分をガスクロマトグラフと質量分析計で調べた。ステナッシン、シネオール、イソピペリテノールと6-メチル-5ヘプテン-2-オンが同定できた。これらの構成成分が小動物や微生物に対して防御物質であり、水に落下した時の水表面の滑走に役だっていると考えられた。 kn-abstract=Rove beetles have a pair of pygidial excretory organs, each group secretes characteristic substances in a peculiar manner. The genus Stenus has a pair of pygidial organs, eversible by immersion in diethyl-ether at both sides of the anus. S. anthoracinus, S. melanarius vercecundus and S. rufescens were collected at ponds and river shores, and S. alienus was collected at tobacco and vegetable fields. Excretory substances were secreted in the diethylether, and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Stenusin [N-Ethyl-3-(2-methylbutyl) piperidine], 1,8-cineole, isopiperitenol and 6-Me-5-hepten-2-one were identified. These may probably act as defensive substances against small attacking animals and microorganisms, and act as water suface moving active agents. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=TsumukiHisaaki en-aut-sei=Tsumuki en-aut-mei=Hisaaki kn-aut-name=積木久明 kn-aut-sei=積木 kn-aut-mei=久明 aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Rove beetles kn-keyword=Rove beetles en-keyword=Stenus kn-keyword=Stenus en-keyword=Excretory secretion kn-keyword=Excretory secretion en-keyword=Pygidial organ kn-keyword=Pygidial organ en-keyword=Defensive secretion kn-keyword=Defensive secretion END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=4 cd-vols= no-issue=1 article-no= start-page=9 end-page=23 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=1996 dt-pub=1996 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=Secretion of Defensive Substance by Carabidae and Brachinidae kn-title=オサムシ科とクビボソゴミムシ科の防御物質の分泌 en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract=オサムシ科とクビボソゴミムシ科の防御物質の分泌について系統分類学の視点から250種以上を調べた。属レベル共通性が見られたが、中には亜属や種での特異性のある成分が検出された。防御物質の分泌に関する器官は左右一対の多数の小型の生合成器官、大きな貯蔵?、それをつなぐ輸送管と末端環節間膜に開孔する分泌管より構成されていた。体の大小、管の嵌入場所や貯蔵?の形などで、種による特徴があったが、生合成器官の形に相応して生成物質に特徴があった。すなわち、球形器官は短鎖有機酸を、紐状器官はメタクレゾールを、板状器官はベンゾキノンを生成した。有紀酸の分泌種としてはギ酸分泌種があり、この類にあっては副成分として2トリデカノンを含む類とエステルを含む類があった。オサムシ族、ナガゴミムシ族その他かなり多くの種類は分岐アミノ酸であるバリン、イソロイシンとロイシンやリジンから生成されるメタアクリル酸、チグリン酸、エチルアクリル酸、セネシオ酸やクロトン酸と各々の飽和酸の幾つかを構成成分としていた。一般的に属レベルで同じ成分が多かったが、例外的に種の特異性成分もあった。メタクレゾールはキベリアオゴミムシ亜属を例外とするアオゴミムシ類とヨツボシゴミムシ類で検出された。ベンゾキノン類はキベリアオゴミムシ亜属が分泌し、亜属で特徴を示した。この類は貯蔵?のみからの体温での分泌であった。クビボソゴミムシ科もキベリアオゴミムシ類と同じ組成のベンゾキノンを分泌するが、貯蔵?に接して茶褐色をした酸化反応室を有し約100℃の高温噴射を爆発音と共に行った。 kn-abstract=The secretion of defensive substances by more than 250 species of carabid and brachinid beetles was investigated, and discussed from a phylogenetical viewpoint. The morphological of secretion glands and secreted components were identified in the genus level. Specific subgenus and species had peculiar characteristics. The pair of defensive organs consisted of many small synthetic lobes, large reservoirs, collecting ducts from lobes to reservoirs and secretion ducts from reservoirs. The pair dust opened at the last sternal intersegmental membrane. There was species specificity in the reservoir shape, synthetic lobe shape and entering site of the collecting ducts into reservoirs. The spherical shape lobes produced short chain fatty acids, the elongated shape lobes produced m-cresol and the thick board shape lobes produced benzoquinones. Two types of fatty acid-secreting beetles were found, one secreted formic acid, and the other mixed short chain fatty acids. These short chain fatty acids were metabolized from some amino acids, methacrylic acid was from valine; tiglic acid, α-ethyacrylic acid and angelic acid were from isoleucine; senecioic acid was from leucine and crotonic acid was from lysine. These unasaturated acids were sometimes detected with a trace amount of corresponding saturated acids. A few species secreted larger amounts of saturated acids with a trace amounts of unsaturated acids. Fatty acid composition was generally genus-specific. In a few cases, however, species-specific acid composition was also observed. m-Cresol-secreting beetles were observed only in Panagaeni and Chlaeniini except subgenus Chlaenius Chlaeniini except subgenus Chlaenius Chlaeniellus beetle. 1,4-Benzoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone-secreting beetles were observed in subgenus C. Chlaeniellus. This beetle secreted these substances at body temperature from a reservoir with no sound. Brachinidae beetles, called bombardier beetles, have a pair of brownish reaction chamber connected with a reservoir. They sprayed the two benzoquinones at about 100℃ making sound. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=KanehisaKatsuo en-aut-sei=Kanehisa en-aut-mei=Katsuo kn-aut-name=兼久勝夫 kn-aut-sei=兼久 kn-aut-mei=勝夫 aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=岡山大学 en-keyword=Defensive secreting substance kn-keyword=Defensive secreting substance en-keyword=Synthetic organ kn-keyword=Synthetic organ en-keyword=Carabidae kn-keyword=Carabidae en-keyword=Brachinidae kn-keyword=Brachinidae en-keyword=Phylogenetic relation kn-keyword=Phylogenetic relation END