start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=11 cd-vols= no-issue=2 article-no= start-page=e0005386 end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2017 dt-pub=20170213 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=Comparative genome analysis of VSP-II and SNPs reveals heterogenic variation in contemporary strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Since the Bay of Bengal is considered the epicenter for the seventh cholera pandemic, it is important to understand the genetic dynamism of Vibrio cholerae from Kolkata, as a representative of the Bengal region. We analyzed whole genome sequence data of V. cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Kolkata, India, from 2007 to 2014 and identified the heterogeneous genomic region in these strains. In addition, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine the genetic lineage of strains in Kolkata. This analysis revealed the heterogeneity of the Vibrio seventh pandemic island (VSP)-II in Kolkata strains. The ctxB genotype was also heterogeneous and was highly related to VSP-II types. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed the shifts in predominant strains in Kolkata. Two distinct lineages, 1 and 2, were found between 2007 and 2010. However, the proportion changed markedly in 2010 and lineage 2 strains were predominant thereafter. Lineage 2 can be divided into four sublineages, I, II, III and IV. The results of this study indicate that lineages 1 and 2-I were concurrently prevalent between 2007 and 2009, and lineage 2-III observed in 2010, followed by the predominance of lineage 2-IV in 2011 and continued until 2014. Our findings demonstrate that the epidemic of cholera in Kolkata was caused by several distinct strains that have been constantly changing within the genetic lineages of V. cholerae O1 in recent years. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=ImamuraDaisuke en-aut-sei=Imamura en-aut-mei=Daisuke kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=MoritaMasatomo en-aut-sei=Morita en-aut-mei=Masatomo kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=SekizukaTsuyoshi en-aut-sei=Sekizuka en-aut-mei=Tsuyoshi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=MizunoTamaki en-aut-sei=Mizuno en-aut-mei=Tamaki kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TakemuraTaichiro en-aut-sei=Takemura en-aut-mei=Taichiro kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=YamashiroTetsu en-aut-sei=Yamashiro en-aut-mei=Tetsu kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=ChowdhuryGoutam en-aut-sei=Chowdhury en-aut-mei=Goutam kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=Pazhani Gururaja P. en-aut-sei=Pazhani en-aut-mei= Gururaja P. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= en-aut-name=MukhopadhyayAsish K. en-aut-sei=Mukhopadhyay en-aut-mei=Asish K. kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=9 ORCID= en-aut-name=RamamurthyThandavarayan en-aut-sei=Ramamurthy en-aut-mei=Thandavarayan kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=10 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyoshiShin-ichi en-aut-sei=Miyoshi en-aut-mei=Shin-ichi kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=11 ORCID= en-aut-name=KurodaMakoto en-aut-sei=Kuroda en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=12 ORCID= en-aut-name=ShinodaSumio en-aut-sei=Shinoda en-aut-mei=Sumio kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=13 ORCID= en-aut-name=OhnishiMakoto en-aut-sei=Ohnishi en-aut-mei=Makoto kn-aut-name= kn-aut-sei= kn-aut-mei= aut-affil-num=14 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=2 en-affil=Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=3 en-affil=Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=4 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=5 en-affil=Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University kn-affil= affil-num=6 en-affil=Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University kn-affil= affil-num=7 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=8 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=9 en-affil=Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=10 en-affil=Translational Health Science and Technology Institute kn-affil= affil-num=11 en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University kn-affil= affil-num=12 en-affil=Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= affil-num=13 en-affil=Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India kn-affil= affil-num=14 en-affil=Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases kn-affil= END