start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=29
cd-vols=
no-issue=5
article-no=
start-page=2150
end-page=2156
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2017
dt-pub=20170302
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Real-Time, in Situ Monitoring of the Oxidation of Graphite: Lessons Learned
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract= Graphite oxide (GO) and its constituent layers (i.e., graphene oxide) display a broad range of functional groups and, as such, have attracted significant attention for use in numerous applications. GO is commonly prepared using the gHummers methodh or a variant thereof in which graphite is treated with KMnO4 and various additives in H2SO4. Despite its omnipresence, the underlying chemistry of such oxidation reactions is not well understood and typically affords results that are irreproducible and, in some cases, unsafe. To overcome these limitations, the oxidation of graphite under Hummers-type conditions was monitored over time using in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure analyses with synchrotron radiation. In conjunction with other atomic absorption spectroscopy, UV?vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis measurements, the underlying mechanism of the oxidation reaction was elucidated, and the reaction conditions were optimized. Ultimately, the methodology for reproducibly preparing GO on large scales using only graphite, H2SO4, and KMnO4 was developed and successfully adapted for use in continuous flow systems.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=MorimotoNaoki
en-aut-sei=Morimoto
en-aut-mei=Naoki
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=SuzukiHideyuki
en-aut-sei=Suzuki
en-aut-mei=Hideyuki
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TakeuchiYasuo
en-aut-sei=Takeuchi
en-aut-mei=Yasuo
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KawaguchiShogo
en-aut-sei=Kawaguchi
en-aut-mei=Shogo
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KunisuMasahiro
en-aut-sei=Kunisu
en-aut-mei=Masahiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=5
ORCID=

en-aut-name=BielawskiChristopher W.
en-aut-sei=Bielawski
en-aut-mei=Christopher W.
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=6
ORCID=

en-aut-name=NishinaYuta
en-aut-sei=Nishina
en-aut-mei=Yuta
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=7
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
kn-affil=

affil-num=2
en-affil=Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University
kn-affil=

affil-num=3
en-affil=Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama Universit
kn-affil=

affil-num=4
en-affil=Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8
kn-affil=

affil-num=5
en-affil=Toray Research Center, Inc., Surface Science Laboratories
kn-affil=

affil-num=6
en-affil=Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
kn-affil=

affil-num=7
en-affil=Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University
kn-affil=
END