start-ver=1.4
cd-journal=joma
no-vol=14
cd-vols=
no-issue=
article-no=
start-page=
end-page=
dt-received=
dt-revised=
dt-accepted=
dt-pub-year=2013
dt-pub=20130122
dt-online=
en-article=
kn-article=
en-subject=
kn-subject=
en-title=
kn-title=Serum galectin-9 levels are elevated in the patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease
en-subtitle=
kn-subtitle=
en-abstract=
kn-abstract=Background: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces apoptosis in activated T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells as a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3). Gal-9 also inhibits the G1 phase cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy in db/db mice, the hallmark of early diabetic nephropathy, by reversing the high glucose-induced up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors such as p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). 

Methods: We investigated the serum levels of Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes and various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 182). 

Results: Serum Gal-9 levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes were 131.9 +/- 105.4 pg/ml and Log(10)Gal-9 levels significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.227, p = 0.002), creatinine (r = 0.175, p = 0.018), urea nitrogen (r = 0.162, p = 0.028) and osmotic pressure (r = 0.187, p = 0.014) and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = -0.188, p = 0.011). Log(10)Gal-9 levels increased along with the progression of GFR categories of G1 to G4, and they were statistically significant by Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p = 0.012). Log(10)Gal-9 levels remained similar levels in albuminuria stages of A1 to A3. 

Conclusion: The elevation of serum Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes is closely linked to GFR and they may be related to the alteration of the immune response and inflammation of the patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD.
en-copyright=
kn-copyright=

en-aut-name=KuroseYuko
en-aut-sei=Kurose
en-aut-mei=Yuko
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=1
ORCID=

en-aut-name=WadaJun
en-aut-sei=Wada
en-aut-mei=Jun
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=2
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KanzakiMotoko
en-aut-sei=Kanzaki
en-aut-mei=Motoko
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=3
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TeshigawaraSanae
en-aut-sei=Teshigawara
en-aut-mei=Sanae
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=4
ORCID=

en-aut-name=NakatsukaAtsuko
en-aut-sei=Nakatsuka
en-aut-mei=Atsuko
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=5
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MurakamiKazutoshi
en-aut-sei=Murakami
en-aut-mei=Kazutoshi
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=6
ORCID=

en-aut-name=InoueKentaro
en-aut-sei=Inoue
en-aut-mei=Kentaro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=7
ORCID=

en-aut-name=TeramiTakahiro
en-aut-sei=Terami
en-aut-mei=Takahiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=8
ORCID=

en-aut-name=KatayamaAkihiro
en-aut-sei=Katayama
en-aut-mei=Akihiro
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=9
ORCID=

en-aut-name=WatanabeMayu
en-aut-sei=Watanabe
en-aut-mei=Mayu
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=10
ORCID=

en-aut-name=HiguchiChigusa
en-aut-sei=Higuchi
en-aut-mei=Chigusa
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=11
ORCID=

en-aut-name=EguchiJun
en-aut-sei=Eguchi
en-aut-mei=Jun
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=12
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MiyatakeNobuyuki
en-aut-sei=Miyatake
en-aut-mei=Nobuyuki
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=13
ORCID=

en-aut-name=MakinoHirofumi
en-aut-sei=Makino
en-aut-mei=Hirofumi
kn-aut-name=
kn-aut-sei=
kn-aut-mei=
aut-affil-num=14
ORCID=

affil-num=1
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=2
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=3
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=4
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=5
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=6
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=7
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=8
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=9
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=10
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=11
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=12
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci

affil-num=13
en-affil=
kn-affil=Kagawa Univ, Fac Med, Dept Hyg

affil-num=14
en-affil=
kn-affil=Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Med Dent & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Med & Clin Sci
en-keyword=Type 2 diabetes
kn-keyword=Type 2 diabetes
en-keyword=Glomerular filtration
kn-keyword=Glomerular filtration
en-keyword=Inflammation
kn-keyword=Inflammation
en-keyword=Kidney disease
kn-keyword=Kidney disease
en-keyword=Nephropathy
kn-keyword=Nephropathy
END